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how does a structure signal change? in the absence of conformational alteration, of opening or closing, a dynamic must develop as a temporal function of the participant's experience. in a place where change is sought after, the mask of the skin is lifted. renewal is found. / Master of Architecture

La politique de réunion confessionnelle de Louis XIV et la résistance des huguenots entre Refuge et Désert : l’exemple de Claude Brousson (1647-1698)La France et les pays du Refuge huguenot de la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle sont marqués par la politique religieuse de Louis XIV. Cette thèse adopte une double perspective et vise d’un côté à décrire la politique de « réunion confessionnelle » du Roi-Soleil et de ses conseillers et de l’autre, à partir de l’exemple de Claude Brousson (1647-1698), la résistance des huguenots au Refuge et au sein du protestantisme clandestin. Du point de vue royal, la Révocation de l’Édit de Nantes de 1685 n’est qu’une étape dans le processus ayant pour objet de faire des « mauvais convertis » de bons catholiques. Les vingt dernières années du XVIIe siècle sont marquées par une politique d’obligation confessionnelle dont les effets se font sentir dans toutes les provinces, notamment en Languedoc. Brousson résiste à cette politique, d’abord en tant qu’avocat de la Chambre mi-partie, dans le contexte du projet de Toulouse, puis comme député des réfugiés en Suisse, dans l’Empire et aux Provinces-Unies et enfin dans son rôle de pasteur du Désert et d’organisateur de l’Église « sous la Croix ». Cette thèse s’appuie sur un grand nombre de sources imprimés et manuscrits conservés dans des bibliothèques et archives en France, Suisse, Allemagne, Angleterre et aux Pays-Bas Les sources sont d’une part des actes royaux, la correspondance des différents conseillers royaux et des « bons du Roi » qui témoignent de l’implication directe du Roi Très-Chrétien et d’autre part les écrits manuscrits et imprimés de Brousson, dont certains sont présentés et/ou analysés pour la première fois. / Confessional reunion politics of Louis XIV and the Huguenots resistance between Refuge and Desert using Claude Brousson (1647-1698) as an exampleIn the second half of the 17th century, France and the countries of the Huguenot Refuge are marked by Louis XIV’s religious policy. This Ph.D. attempts to describe this policy from a double perspective (top down and bottom up). On the one hand, it describes the king’s and royal consultant’s « confessionnal reunion » policy (top down) and on the other hand the Huguenots resistance in the Refuge and in the clandestine Church in France, using Claude Brousson (1647-1698) as an example (bottom up). The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) is from the king’s point of view just a stage on his way to help the « bad converted » (mauvais convertis) to become good Catholics. The last twenty years of the 17th century are characterized by a policy of confessionnal coercion and its consequences are to be observed in all provinces, especially in Languedoc. Brousson resists to this policy as an advocate, in the context of the Toulouse project, as a delegate of the refugees in Switzerland, the Empire and the United Provinces of the Netherlands and finally as a pastor of the Desert and as organizer of the Church “under the cross”. This Ph.D. uses a large number of printed and manuscript sources taken from libraries and archives in France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany and England. They are on the one hand royal laws, the correspondency of royal consultants and the bons du roi that show the implication of the king himself. On the other hand are used manuscript and printed writings of Brousson, some of his works are presented and/or analysed for the first time.

According to prospect-refuge theory, humans prefer to be in spaces that afford protection from threat (refuge), but also provide large fields of view (prospect). These preferences are said to arise from the adaptive advantages of such locations with respect to both avoidance of predation from refuge and survey of opportunities for resource collection by prospect. Prospect-refuge theory in the past has traditionally only been applied to human beings, but many of the same contingencies governing spatial preference ought to also hold true in other animals. If people's spatial preferences are influenced by prospect-refuge considerations, then such preferences ought to be found in other animals that are subject to the same pressures to find safety and resources. The overall objective of this study was to explore spatial preferences of the Mongolian gerbil in situations in which prospect-refuge theory makes specific predictions about which regions of an environment will be preferred. Gerbils were placed in an arena containing three dome shaped refuges that varied in the amount of prospect and refuge. A predator was released during the trial to examine how contextual factors may influence the degree of prospect and refuge preferred. There was a preference for an enclosed refuge at stimulus onset even though this was not reflective of what happened prior to stimulus onset, which suggests there was a shift in preferring refuges with greater concealment upon exposure to a threatening stimulus. These results indicate that shelter preference does in fact depend on contextual factors. An explicit comparison of these preferences in widely divergent species may help to place theories of spatial preference on a firmer biological footing, and may provide a greater understanding of how the principles of spatial cognition might underpin parts of the design process.

According to prospect-refuge theory, humans prefer to be in spaces that afford protection from threat (refuge), but also provide large fields of view (prospect). These preferences are said to arise from the adaptive advantages of such locations with respect to both avoidance of predation from refuge and survey of opportunities for resource collection by prospect. Prospect-refuge theory in the past has traditionally only been applied to human beings, but many of the same contingencies governing spatial preference ought to also hold true in other animals. If people's spatial preferences are influenced by prospect-refuge considerations, then such preferences ought to be found in other animals that are subject to the same pressures to find safety and resources. The overall objective of this study was to explore spatial preferences of the Mongolian gerbil in situations in which prospect-refuge theory makes specific predictions about which regions of an environment will be preferred. Gerbils were placed in an arena containing three dome shaped refuges that varied in the amount of prospect and refuge. A predator was released during the trial to examine how contextual factors may influence the degree of prospect and refuge preferred. There was a preference for an enclosed refuge at stimulus onset even though this was not reflective of what happened prior to stimulus onset, which suggests there was a shift in preferring refuges with greater concealment upon exposure to a threatening stimulus. These results indicate that shelter preference does in fact depend on contextual factors. An explicit comparison of these preferences in widely divergent species may help to place theories of spatial preference on a firmer biological footing, and may provide a greater understanding of how the principles of spatial cognition might underpin parts of the design process.

Survival is bound to conditions of safety (now) and preservation (future). The places that marginal people inhabit are either permanent familiar places, or temporary unfamiliar places. These places however are also bound to time. When circumstances are unpredictable survival instincts are heightened, and when circumstances are predictable survival instincts are at a neutral level (or in in a state of homeostasis). If a place is undergoing change such as societal and political change, the change in mental state of a person occurs as this affects the survival of that person. The dissertation explores ideas of identity (valued, strong, useful), perception (how other people see the marginal) and marginalisation of specific groups of people. This will be investigated in terms of the preservation of the marginalised people through programmatic devices and activities (what can the marginal offer). The proposed programme (and supporting programmes) allow for the development of marginalised people in a hostile society in which survival and refuge are the first instincts. The intent of the architecture seeks to explore the relationship between a marginal person and place on a conceptual and physical level. Moreover the architecture seeks to negotiate the margins that society has placed between those who are approved within society (the norm) and those who are different than the norm. A consciousness of this difference or 'margin area' exists throughout the investigation which allows for an alternative approach to create thought-provoking architecture rather than an aesthetically pleasing architecture. It is the belief of the author that even though something might be 'broken', it remains more useful and is more valuable than something that was perfect in the first place. The project moves beyond monotony and strives for unity in difference (the marginal unite). Difference as a strength creates an opportunity to emphasise those who are different and finds a way to strengthen the alternative identities in a future spatial condition. The proposed programme facilitates the development of these identities to become stronger in time in order to withstand struggle and unpredictability. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

En 1890, la municipalité de Liverpool ordonne la fermeture des maisons closes et « lieux de débauche », ce qui conduit des centaines de femmes à se retrouver sans abri. De nouvelles associations, fondées pour apporter des solutions à cette crise, s’ajoutent aux organisations, plus anciennes, qui dirigent des établissements de « réforme morale » pour femmes. Toutes affirment pouvoir « sauver » ces femmes en les enfermant dans leur foyer ou refuge unisexuel. Le Pénitencier, fondé en 1809, entend transformer ses pensionnaires en domestiques « respectables » grâce à un travail de « pénitence » de deux années. La Maison de refuge, association de femmes créée en 1890, privilégie un accueil d’une semaine. Le Saint Sauveur, fondé en 1891 et géré par la congrégation catholique des Pauvres Servantes de la Mère de Dieu, offre un repas et un hébergement aux femmes dans l’asile de nuit et forme des femmes catholiques au travail de blanchisserie pendant une année dans le refuge. Ce travail de recherche examine les différentes facettes de l’action de ces trois associations et compare leur capacité à appréhender les enjeux auxquels elles sont confrontées de 1890 à 1914. Ancrée dans le contexte politique, social, culturel et religieux de Liverpool, cette étude révèle la contribution essentielle des femmes à la définition du rôle des associations pour femmes. Elle montre comment ces organisatrices de l’aide, confrontées aux formes de discrimination propres à la société dans laquelle elles évoluent, ont adapté l’action des associations et amorcé la transition de la philanthropie vers le travail social dans la ville au début du XXe siècle. / In 1890 in Liverpool the City Council ordered the shutting of brothels and “immoral” houses, which led hundreds of women to become homeless. Some new organisations were set up in addition to the existent charities managing reform institutions for women in order to find solutions to this critical situation. All of them maintained that they could “rescue” these women by locking them up in their women-only homes or refuges. Founded in 1809, the Female Penitentiary aimed to transform its inmates into “respectable” maid-servants through penitence for two years. The House of Help, a women’s organisation created in 1890, accommodated women for a week. In the Saint Saviour’s Refuge and Night Shelter, established in 1891 and run by the Catholic congregation of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God, Catholic women were either fed and lodged for the night in the Night Shelter or trained to become laundresses for a year in the Refuge. The present work examines the various facets of the work performed by these three charities and compares their capacity to understand the stakes with which they were confronted from 1890 to 1914. Set in the political, social, cultural and religious context of Liverpool, this study reveals the essential contribution of women to the definition of the mission of organisations for women. It shows how female organisers, facing the forms of discrimination which characterised the society in which they lived, adapted the work of charities and initiated the transition from philanthropy to social work in the city at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Transport of oil or other hazardous substances by sea constitutes the backbone of the world economy. The fiscal benefits and dependence on the transport of oil and other substances by sea outweigh the dangers associated with the carriage of such substances by sea, especially the pollution of the marine environment. Although the absolute answer for the protection of the marine environment may be to prohibit the harm-producing activities altogether, and to turn to alternative energy-resources, it seems very unlikely that this will be the case in the near future. / The feasible solution for the protection and preservation of the marine environment and safe marine transport calls for a liberal approach that redistributes these responsibilities amongst all the related interests. In this respect, this thesis examines the issue of places of refuge, as a measure to protect and preserve the marine environment, and the position in international law on the obligation to grant refuge to ships in distress. It is argued that the obligation to grant refuge, founded in early customary international law and denounced in current international documents, can be reformulated in an environmental context.

Thesis (Ph. D., Environmental Science)--University of Idaho, May 2007. / Major professor: J. Michael Scott. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-75).