published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

In the 1980s, in support of the Sanctuary Movement for Central American refugees, cities across the United States began to withdraw information and resources from the boundary making processes of the federal state. Inspired in part by a 1971 initiative in Berkeley, California to provide sanctuary to soldiers refusing to fight in Vietnam, “Cities of Refuge” issued statements of non-cooperation with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They passed policies that prevented police and service providers from asking the immigration status of the people they came into contact with in the course of their daily duties, and limited information sharing with the federal authorities. Drawing on archival research and interviews, this dissertation maps the shifting meaning of Sanctuary as a constellation of practices and logics which has troubled the boundaries of national citizenship. Struggles to establish Cities of Refuge reveal the complex interplay between two different political trajectories in the United States: one deeply implicated with the state’s authority over migration controls and what Agamben has understood as the sovereign exception, and the other with city sanctuary, as a form of urban citizenship. The genealogy of city sanctuary reveals the multiple and sometimes contradictory threads or genealogies that have been woven into American citizenship over time, raising questions about the ostensibly hardened relationship between sovereignty, membership, and the nation state. Exploring the interactions between the daily practices of state institutions and Sanctuary reveals the performative aspects of exception: it is produced and maintained only through the constant repetition of discourses and practices that maintain the boundaries of citizenship and reproduce the state’s authority to control the movement of people across its border. Bringing the study of sovereignty into the city, and exploring alternative assertions of sovereignty reveals the exception not as an underlying logic, but a geographically specific, ongoing struggle.

In the 1980s, in support of the Sanctuary Movement for Central American refugees, cities across the United States began to withdraw information and resources from the boundary making processes of the federal state. Inspired in part by a 1971 initiative in Berkeley, California to provide sanctuary to soldiers refusing to fight in Vietnam, “Cities of Refuge” issued statements of non-cooperation with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They passed policies that prevented police and service providers from asking the immigration status of the people they came into contact with in the course of their daily duties, and limited information sharing with the federal authorities. Drawing on archival research and interviews, this dissertation maps the shifting meaning of Sanctuary as a constellation of practices and logics which has troubled the boundaries of national citizenship. Struggles to establish Cities of Refuge reveal the complex interplay between two different political trajectories in the United States: one deeply implicated with the state’s authority over migration controls and what Agamben has understood as the sovereign exception, and the other with city sanctuary, as a form of urban citizenship. The genealogy of city sanctuary reveals the multiple and sometimes contradictory threads or genealogies that have been woven into American citizenship over time, raising questions about the ostensibly hardened relationship between sovereignty, membership, and the nation state. Exploring the interactions between the daily practices of state institutions and Sanctuary reveals the performative aspects of exception: it is produced and maintained only through the constant repetition of discourses and practices that maintain the boundaries of citizenship and reproduce the state’s authority to control the movement of people across its border. Bringing the study of sovereignty into the city, and exploring alternative assertions of sovereignty reveals the exception not as an underlying logic, but a geographically specific, ongoing struggle.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2007. / "Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution." Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-157).

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-35). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

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A violência está presente nos diferentes espaços da sociedade brasileira, se configurando como um grave problema de saúde pública. Ela se materializa principalmente contra pessoas em situação peculiar de desenvolvimento, como crianças e adolescentes. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar, sob a ótica de adolescentes vítimas de violência doméstica e abrigados, os fatores de proteção a que estão submetidos e/ou têm acesso. Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, se delineando como pesquisa social estratégica, modalidade estudo de caso. Para a coleta de dados, foram realizados grupos focais, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Participaram dos grupos focais 17 adolescentes vítimas de violência doméstica e abrigados na ONG - Cidade dos Meninos, no município de Campinas - SP; destes, sete participaram das entrevistas individuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Emergiram dois núcleos temáticos principais: Contexto do abrigo; e Rede social. No primeiro núcleo, foi discutido o contexto do abrigo, que apesar dos esforços realizados contemporaneamente, ainda mantém um ambiente autoritário, com regras e punições freqüentes; os adolescentes ressaltam a importância do vínculo e confiança estabelecidos com alguns funcionários, atuando como fatores de proteção; a religiosidade e o ensino formal e profissionalizante também são evidenciados como proteção. No segundo núcleo, a violência doméstica aparece como fator de risco que aumenta consideravelmente a vulnerabilidade destes sujeitos; o conceito de desfiliação é discutido para compreensão da perda de referências pelos adolescentes. A rede social externa é abordada, e os sujeitos ressaltam a vizinhança e os equipamentos de assistência social como fatores de proteção para interrupção do ciclo de violência; a rua atua como espaço de convivência, e \"acolhedora\" para crianças e adolescentes que experienciam a violência em seus lares. Entendemos que estas considerações acerca dos fatores de proteção para adolescentes vitimizados e abrigados devem ser valorizadas e reforçadas pelos serviços de atenção à infância e adolescência, pois contribuem para a promoção da resiliência e, por conseguinte, da saúde desta população. / Violence is present in different places of Brazilian society, becoming a hard problem of public health. It\'s been shown mainly against people in particular situations of development, as children and teenagers. Our study has had as a goal to know and analyze, under the optician of teenagers victims of domestic violence and sheltered people, the protection factors to the ones they\'ve been submitted or have access to. It\'s a study with a qualitative approach, it\'s outlined as social strategic research, a case study kind. For data collection, focused groups, semi structured interviews and participating observations have been made. Seventeen teenagers victims of domestic violence and sheltered people on the ONG participated in the focused groups - Cidade dos Meninos, municipality of Campinas - SP, from these ones, seven participated from individual interviews. The data analyses were made using content analyses, the theme kind. Two main theme centers have appeared: Shelter context; and Social network. On the first center, shelter context was discussed, that besides efforts have been made contemporarily, still keep an authoritary atmosphere with frequent punishment and rules. Teenagers emphasize the importance of bond and confidence established among some employees, acting as protection factors; religiosity, and formal and vocational education shown as protection. On the second center, domestic violence appears as risk factor which increases the vulnerability of these people considerably. The non filiation concept is discussed for the comprehension of reference loss by teenagers. The external social network is approached and the subjects show the neighborhood and social assistance equipments as protection factors to interrupt violence circle; streets act as a living together space and welcoming space for children and teenagers who have experienced violence at home. We believe these considerations about protection factors for teenagers victims and sheltered people must be reinforced through attention services to childhood and adolescence as they contribute to resilience promotion and also to the population health.

El proyecto consiste en un Refugio para mujeres y niños víctimas de violencia familiar en el distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, el cual responde a las elevadas tasas de violencia contra la mujer que hoy en día existen. El tipo de violencia ejercida en el hogar no solo afecta de forma directa a las mujeres-esposas-madres, sino también a los niños que viven con el agresor. Si bien el Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables ha implementado diversos centros para tratar la violencia, no existe un buen diseño en lo que ellos plantean como Hogar de Refugio Temporal (HRT), el cual es un centro que acoge a mujeres y niños que no cuentan con recursos ni familia para huir de la violencia. Estos HRT se encuentran invisibilizados y su infraestructura pone en peligro la vida de los usuarios. Es por ello que planteo un cambio de perspectiva en relación a la que hoy en día se observa y proponer un refugio bajo las necesidades de los usuarios, donde la protección sea la característica principal. / The project consists of a Shelter for women and children victims of domestic violence in San Juan de Lurigancho district, which responds to the high rates of violence against women that exist today. The type of violence exerted at home not only affects women-wives-mothers, but also children who live with the aggressor. Although the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations has implemented various centers to deal with violence, there is no good design in what they propose as the Temporary Refuge Home (HRT), which is a center that welcomes women and children who do not have economic resources or a family to flee from violence. These HRTs are invisible and their infrastructure endangers the lives of the users. That is why I propose a change of perspective in relation to what is observed today and propose a refuge under the needs of the users, where protection is the main feature. / Trabajo de investigación

Numerical statistical methods were used to analyse the species in the genus Sceloporus using cranial osteology, external meristic and numeric characters, karyology, display behavior and geographic distribution. A new phylogeny for the genus is proposed with three main branches or Groups: Group I, a primitive group, evolved from Uta, Urosaurus and Sator in Miocene times. This Group speciated from gadoviae in the south to merriami in the north and contains 7 species in 3 species groups. Group II arose from Group I and evolved from centrally located pictus in all directions throughout Mexico. It contains approximately 19 species in 5 species groups. Group III also arose from the primitive stock of Group I and speciated from several desert refugia created by Pleistocene glaciation. Evolution of this Group in Mexico was generally from north to south with malachiticus extending as far south as Panama. This Group contains approximately 32 species in 5 species groups. It is suggested that the three main divisions of Sceloporus should be given taxonomic recognition.

In collaboration with the Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, I collected detailed information on the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea Latreille, 1802) of the refuge. I produced a comprehensive checklist of butterflies and skippers numbering 60 species. In addition, I collected data on flight periods as well as local plant community associations. Butterfly abundance surveys were conducted to assess seasonal habitat use across six site classes. Special emphasis was placed on pine forest at various stages of management for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis). An exploratory analysis of butterfly diversity and abundance was conducted using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Using a Pearson correlation, I determined that butterfly species richness correlated positively with understory plant morphospecies richness across site classes. A correlation was not found for data solely collected from the pine sites, suggesting factors other than understory morphospecies richness govern butterfly richness within a site class.