This thesis surveys the long human history of Hot Springs Cove, British Columbia, a small inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island (formerly known as Refuge Cove). The study spans the period from the arrival of the earliest indigenous inhabitants, at about 10,000 years ago, to the present day, and draws upon archeological research, archival documents, other local histories, and ethnographic studies of Nuu-chah-nulth society, as well as some original interviews with contemporary users and inhabitants of the area. Geographically, the study focuses primarily on the immediate vicinity of the Cove, and the territory of its traditional inhabitants, the Manhousaht. However, the lens of analysis is widened very regularly to encompass the larger region of Clayoquot and Nootka Sounds, bringing in the perspectives and experiences of neighbouring groups such as the Hesquiaht, Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht, as well as non-indigenous settlers in communities like Tofino. Periodically, the lens pulls away still further, to examine influential national and global trends. This thesis has two key objectives. First, it aims to be a comprehensive, academically-sound survey of a place rich in history but only mentioned intermittently in other sources. The hybridization of micro-historical techniques and a local history approach is intended to ensure adequate contextualization and analysis, while also preserving rich and engaging detail. Engagement, it must be said, is the other key goal. From the outset, the author has aimed to create a publicly-accessible work of public history intended to be read by a wide audience who, it is hoped, will learn much about the experiences and impact of colonization on the West Coast. To maximize this learning, four broad didactic themes are traced throughout the narrative. Exploring ‘perceptions of place’, this thesis illustrates how differing worldviews led the Nuu-chah-nulth and Euro-Canadian settlers to interact very differently with the same landscape. By tracing changes in ‘human-environment interaction’, this study aims to shed light on the destructive pattern of repeated resource-overexploitation that emerged post-contact. Examination of ‘colonization as a process’ lays bare the steady re-conceptualization and re-shaping of the landscape and its inhabitants set in motion by the arrival of Europeans. At the same time, a consistent emphasis on ‘indigenous agency’ is meant to show how the Nuu-chah-nulth actively adapted to, resisted and even re-shaped colonial processes. Ultimately, the recent resurgence in Nuu-chah-nulth political and economic power is interpreted as laying the ground-work for a profound reshaping of local dynamics in the coming years. Broadly speaking, this thesis argues that the history of human settlement, colonization and interaction that occurred in and around Hot Springs Cove can serve as an informative microcosm of the larger forces, events, and patterns that shaped the entire region. It concludes with the author’s appeal for his neighbours – both indigenous and non – to seek to better understand each other’s history, reckon with the profound impacts of colonization, and work towards reconciliation and co-existence in a way that will preserve the area’s irreplaceable uniqueness. / Graduate

A epígrafe escolhida para inaugurar a presente dissertação de mestrado ilustra a experiência de ultrapassar barreiras socioculturais e transpor fronteiras no contexto do refúgio. O sujeito que se encontra refugiado é importante enfatizar que o refúgio é uma condição e não um estado inerente ao sujeito é desafiado a transpor obstáculos que não se limitam apenas a cruzar fronteiras e enfrentar o complexo aparato burocrático que antecede a outorga da solicitação de refúgio. Apenas para citar algumas, as barreiras são linguísticas, culturais, sociais e religiosas. Na busca pela efetiva integração, se faz necessário tornar essas barreiras, terra plana. O título do estudo que se apresenta é inspirado no mito de Ariadne: Teseu, por quem ela era apaixonada, é encarregado de executar o Minotauro, um terrível monstro que habitava um labirinto. Receosa de que Teseu nunca mais retornasse Ariadne lhe presenteia com um fio e com a recomendação de que ele desenrole o carretel enquanto estiver circulando pelo labirinto. Desse modo, Teseu poderia circular pelo labirinto sem se perder. Supomos que a labiríntica experiência do refúgio e da assimilação cultural deixa o sujeito em uma situação de humilhação social. Tal situação pode forçá-lo a se desfazer de sua língua materna, seus fios de Ariadne. Isso não necessariamente ocorrerá, uma vez que a língua materna consiste em uma orientação fundamental do sujeito. Assim, o refúgio desencadeia um processo psicossocial que abala as atitudes linguísticas do sujeito, sendo estas compostas, segundo Lambert e Lambert (1968) por: crenças (componente cognoscitivo), valoração (componente afetivo) e conduta (componente conativo). Para averiguar o impacto causado pela experiência do refúgio nos valores atribuídos às línguas que compõem a realidade linguística do sujeito empregaremos o Princípio da Valoração proposto por Damásio (2011) como principal fundamento teórico. Nossa conduta metodológica empregará os Retratos Linguísticos de Krumm (2003; 2010), um dos chamados métodos visuais empregados recentemente nos estudos linguísticos, para enfocar as relações psicoafetivas que o sujeito, na condição de refugiado, estabelece com a sua língua materna e com a língua estrangeira. Consideramos que tanto a discussão quanto a análise propostas consistem em um estudo experimental que se buscará investigar em que medida é possível conciliar métodos visuais e questões linguísticas com vistas a atingir uma maior compreensão sobre a configuração da condição de sujeitos multilíngues que se encontram socialmente vulneráveis. / The title chosen to inaugurate this master\'s thesis illustrates the experience of overcoming sociocultural barriers and crossing borders in the context of the refuge. The refugee - it is important to emphasize that the refuge is a condition and not an inherent condition of the subject - is challenged to overcome obstacles that are not limited to crossing borders and facing the complex bureaucratic apparatus that precedes the granting of the request refuge. Just to name a few, the barriers are linguistic, cultural, social and religious. In the search for effective integration, it becomes necessary to make these barriers, flat land. The title of the study that is presented is inspired by the myth of Ariadne: Theseus, for whom she was in love, is in charge to execute the Minotaur, a terrible monster that inhabited a labyrinth. Afraid that Theseus would never return Ariadne gave him a thread with the recommendation that he unwind the reel while he was circling the labyrinth. In this way, Theseus could circulate through the labyrinth without getting lost. We assume that the labyrinthine experience of refuge and cultural assimilation leaves the subject in a situation of social humiliation. Such a situation may force him to discard his mother tongue, his Ariadne threads. This will not necessarily occur, since the mother tongue consists of a fundamental orientation of the subject. Thus, the refuge triggers a psychosocial process that shakes the subject\'s linguistic attitudes, and these are composed, according to Lambert and Lambert (1968) by: beliefs (cognitive component), valuation (affective component) and conduct (conative component). In order to ascertain the impact of the experience of refuge on the values assigned to the languages that make up the linguistic reality of the subject, we will use the Principle of Valuation proposed by Damásio (2011) as the main theoretical foundation. Our methodological approach will use the Krumm Language Portraits (2003; 2010), one of the so-called \"visual methods\" recently employed in linguistic studies, to focus on the psycho-affective relationships that the subject establishes with his mother tongue and with the foreign language. We consider that both the discussion and the analysis proposed are an experimental study that will seek to investigate the extent to which it is possible to reconcile visual methods and linguistic issues in order to reach a greater understanding of the configuration of the condition of multilingual subjects who are socially vulnerable.

Shallow water availability coupled with anthropogenic degradation of seagrass beds limits wading bird food resources in dynamic coastal ecosystems. Identifying prey species critical to wading bird reproductive success and the environmental drivers of key prey species abundance is important for understanding how environmental stressors influence prey and change the quality of foraging patches. Little Blue Herons (Egretta caerulea) are reportedly generalists eating insects, crustaceans, and fish; however, the proportions of prey items in the diet may shift spatially and temporally from freshwater to marine systems during breeding and non-breeding periods. I investigated prey selection by Little Blue Herons in Florida at the Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge and the western Florida Bay, during 2016 and 2017 breeding seasons by investigating prey availability at low-tide locations along mudflats compared to stomach regurgitate samples collected from Little Blue Heron chicks 1 to 4 weeks old. Little Blue Herons selected Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and prawns (Farfantepenaeus spp.) from the estuarine environment, but also consumed terrestrial prey (e.g. tree crabs) suggesting Little Blue Heron foraging habitat is not restricted to tidal flats. Additionally, these results support the characterization of Little Blue Herons as a generalist. After identifying important prey species, I modeled the associations of selected prey species with submerged aquatic vegetation density and abiotic variables to better understand habitat preferences and important habitat characteristics that drive prey density. Models support total seagrass density and algal density as having the greatest effect on prey selected by Little Blue Herons. Prawn density has a strong positive association with seagrass density. Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and prawns (Farfantepenaeus spp.) had strong positive association with algae while pipefish (Syngnathidae) had a strong negative association with algae suggesting algae density in seagrass meadows should be considered when assessing the quality of seagrass meadows for Little Blue Heron prey and habitat suitability. My results varied from previous studies where prawns and gulf toadfish were associated with specific seagrass species. Therefore, some Little Blue Heron prey species in south Florida may not be affected by changes in submerged aquatic vegetation community composition if submerged aquatic vegetation densities remain constant. Studies are needed that clarify the complex interactions between prey and specific habitat metrics to validate the strength of landscape scale drivers of wading bird prey densities in dynamic coastal ecosystems and to determine how these communities will respond to anthropogenic environmental change. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O processo para o refúgio é o conjunto de regras e princípios necessários à aplicação do Direito dos Refugiados aos casos concretos. Quando este conjunto respeita os padrões democráticos do Devido Processo Legal, as tendências históricas de exploração e manipulação política do instituto de refúgio podem ser limitadas e os objetivos humanitários deste ramo dos Direitos Humanos podem ser alcançados com maior transparência. Quando o Devido Processo Legal para o refúgio é respeitado, também se permite que a pessoa que figura como solicitante de refúgio seja tratada como sujeito de direitos - e não como objeto do processo. Uma vez que a Convenção de Genebra de 1951, sobre o Estatuto dos Refugiados, não estabeleceu normas de processo, cada país signatário necessita criar um regime próprio para processar os pedidos de determinação, extensão, perda e cessação da condição de refugiado em seus territórios. O primeiro regime processual brasileiro foi criado no ano de 1997, pela Lei Federal 9497. Desde então, o país vem desenvolvendo, através do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE), regras infra legais e rotinas práticas que têm determinado um padrão processual ainda fragmentado e inseguro. O estudo do aparato normativo nacional e da realidade observada entre 2012 e 2014 revelam a existência de problemas (pontuais ou crônicos) sobre o cumprimento de diversos princípios processuais, tais como a Legalidade, a Impessoalidade e Independência da autoridade julgadora, o Contraditório, a Ampla Defesa, a Publicidade, a Fundamentação, a Igualdade e a Razoável Duração do Processo. Estes problemas impõem desafios variados ao Brasil, tanto em dimensão legislativa quanto estrutural. O enfrentamento destas questões precisa ocorrer com rapidez. O motivo da urgência, porém, não é a nova demanda de imigração observada no país, mas sim o fato de que as violações ao Devido Processo Legal, verificadas no processo para o refúgio brasileiro, representam, em si, violações de Direitos Humanos, que, ademais prejudicam o compromisso do país para com a proteção internacional dos refugiados. / The Refuge Process is a set of rules and principles which are necessary to the enforcement of Refugee Rights in specific cases. When this set of rules and principles complies with the democratic standards of the Due Process of Law, historical tendencies of exploitation and political manipulation of the Refuge Process can be limited and the humanitarian purposes of this branch of Human Rights can be achieved with greater transparency. When the Due Process of Law for Refuge is followed, it also allows for the refuge seeker to be treated as a legal subject, rather than an object, in the process. As the Geneva Convention, in 1951, did not establish procedural norms on the matter of the Refugee Status, each signatory country must create its own legal framework to deal with requests of declaration, extension, loss and termination of said status in their territory. The first Brazilian procedural norm on this topic was created in 1997, by Federal Law No. 9.497. Since then the country has been developing, through the National Committee for Refugees (Comitê Nacional para Refugiados CONARE), regulatory provisions and protocols which have given rise to a procedural standard that remains fragmented and unsafe. The analysis of the national legal framework and the reality observed between 2012 and 2014 reveals a series of issues (which can be specific in some cases and persistent in others) concerning the enforcement of many procedural canons, such as the Principle of Legality, Impersonality, the Independence of the Judiciary, the Contradictory, Full Defense, Publicity, Statement of Reasons, Equality and the Reasonable Duration of the Procedure. These problems present Brazil with a number of challenges, regarding not only legislation, but also structure. These matters mustbe addressed with haste. What motivates such urgency, however, is not the recent increase in immigration, but the fact that the infringements of the Due Process of Law (seen in the Brazilian refuge process) represent, in themselves, violations of Human Rights, which, moreover, compromise the countrys commitment to the international refugee protection.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Orlandi Collus.pdf: 1611840 bytes, checksum: dea0bba6d60f57b13b7fea4d3ed456e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / The objective of this research work was to identify and analyze the variables that contributed to the adaptation to the aging process by refugees aged over 55 years in the city of São Paulo. A review of the literature on refugees and aging was undertaken to assist in understanding the issue selected for study: aging away from home: refuge and old age. Based on the oral life history - obtained through open interviews - of nine refugees from different nationalities, some variables were identified that were similar among the interviewees regarding life experience and/ or expectations about aging. Among the variables that may increase the likelihood of successful aging are autonomy, mastery of the host country s language, religious beliefs, hospitality, family and freedom. However, three other features can hinder adaptation to old age: financial dependency, disease and family vulnerability. The result of the research supports this assertion, and reveals these refugees extraordinary capacity to overcome challenges, which derives perhaps from the abilities they were forced to develop throughout their lives marked by challenges and achievements / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar as variáveis que contribuíram para a adaptação ao processo de envelhecimento por parte refugiados com mais de 55 anos de idade na cidade de São Paulo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do refúgio e do envelhecimento para subsidiar a compreensão do problema selecionado: envelhecer longe de casa: refúgio e velhice. Com base na história oral obtida por meio de entrevistas abertas com nove refugiados de distintas nacionalidades, identificaram-se algumas variáveis que foram similares entre os pesquisados quanto à sua vivência e/ ou expectativa de envelhecer. Dentre as variáveis que podem aumentar a probabilidade de um envelhecimento bem-sucedido destacam-se a autonomia, domínio da língua falada no país da acolhida, crença religiosa, hospitalidade, família e liberdade. Entretanto, três outras características podem dificultar essa adaptação à velhice: a dependência financeira, a doença e a vulnerabilidade da família. O resultado da pesquisa corrobora tal afirmação, e revela uma capacidade extraordinária de superação desses refugiados, capacidade talvez advinda das muitas habilidades a que foram obrigados a desenvolver ao longo de vidas marcadas justamente por desafios e superações

Esta tese trata das relações entre uma trama de atores governamentais e não governamentais na luta pela criação de uma política migratória e de políticas públicas para migrantes e refugiados no Brasil contemporâneo. Com foco nos distintos “protagonismos” este estudo acompanhou uma série de eventos (reuniões, conferências, seminários, audiências públicas, rodas de conversa e festivais) orientados a visibilização da “questão migratória” ocorridos em Porto Alegre e São Paulo entre os anos 2013 e 2016. Entendo esses eventos como cenários privilegiados de observação dos embates, tensões e disputas na produção não apenas de uma “população imigrante”, mas do processo de construção da "imigração" como dado, como campo de intervenção e como objetivo de tecnologias de governo. A tese está baseada no trabalho de campo realizado como uma etnografia multisituada que acompanhou as demandas de ativistas pelos direitos dos migrantes (pessoas de congregações religiosas, de organizações não governamentais, de movimentos de imigrantes e pesquisadores) principalmente dirigidas ao “Estado”. Tendo por inspiração os trabalhos de Michel Foucault e Didier Fassin sobre Estado e Sociedade civil, mantive o foco na análise dos vários atores que procuram intervir na realidade migratória e as distintas compreensões sobre a dignidade humana. Na primeira parte, explicito a construção de uma pesquisa multisituada e minhas diversas posições ocupadas no trabalho de campo. Uma segunda parte é dedicada a análise dos processos que conduziram a estes atores a um tipo de engajamento particular na reinvindicação de políticas públicas específicas para imigrantes no Brasil. Finalmente, uma terceira parte da tese é dedicada a uma aproximação com diferentes coletivos de imigrantes a fim de conhecer suas formas de organização e percepção de seu protagonismo.Com esses elementos em mente, e atenta ao papel do “Estado”, visualizados a partir de seus agentes e saberes, desenvolvi a análise que revela a complexidade e a divergência entre a representação humanitária da política migratória brasileira e as experiências cotidianas dos imigrantes e refugiados no Brasil. / This thesis deals with the relations between a network of governmental and non-governmental actors in the struggle for the creation of a migration policy and public policies for migrants and refugees in contemporary Brazil. Focused on the different "protagonisms", this study followed a series of events (meetings, conferences, seminars, public hearings, rounds of conversation and festivals) oriented to the visualization of the "migratory issue" occurred in Porto Alegre and São Paulo between the years 2013 and 2016. I understand these events as privileged scenarios for observing the conflicts, tensions and disputes in the production not only of an "immigrant population" but of the process of constructing "immigration" as a fact, as a field of intervention and as a goal of government technologies . The thesis is based on a fieldwork conducted as a multisite ethnography that has accompanied the demands of migrant rights activists (people from religious congregations, non-governmental organizations, immigrant movements and researchers) primarily directed to the "State." Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault and Didier Fassin on State and Civil Society, I have focused on the analysis of the various actors who seek to intervene in the migratory reality and the different understandings on human dignity. In the first part, I explained the construction of a multisited research and my several positions occupied in the field work. A second part is dedicated to analyzing the processes that led these actors to a particular type of engagement in the claim of specific public policies for immigrants in Brazil. Finally, a third part of the thesis is dedicated to an approach with different groups of immigrants in order to know their forms of organization and perception of their protagonism. With these elements in mind, and attentive to the role of the "State", visualized from Its agents and knowledge, I developed the analysis that reveals the complexity and divergence between the humanitarian representation of Brazilian migration policy and the daily experiences of immigrants and refugees in Brazil.

This is a qualitative study exploring the needs of women when residing in a refuge. In the context of the United Kingdom, women's refuges are a specialist provision that provide temporary accommodation for women escaping domestic violence and abuse (DVA). Recent literature that looks at the needs of women who reside in refuges is limited. However, considering these needs is important at a time when austerity measures have resulted in funding cuts to the DVA sector, which have had a direct impact on refuge service provision. This study contributes to the literature on women's refuge services, as they are the most likely specialist DVA service to be accessed, and are consequently in high demand. In this study, 35 participants took part in total. Within two research phases 32 residents across 6 refuges and 3 focus groups answered the first research question: What are the self-articulated needs of women in a refuge? Within the first phase a thematic analysis of the data from the first two focus groups identified six key themes: Accessing a refuge, Loss, To feel safe, Support, To move on, and To feel valued. Within the second research phase, a further focus group was conducted, the analysis of which is presented without decontextualising the content into themes, as it was felt to be important to represent the narrative structure of the documented accounts. The analysis of the material is presented by providing summaries demonstrating examples of the physical and emotional journeys that three women took to get to a refuge, and their subsequent needs upon arrival. In the third phase of the study, three semi-structured interviews were conducted with refuge staff members to answer the second research question: What do workers in a refuge setting perceive to be the needs of the residents? Thematic analysis of each interview identified 11 main themes, of which two themes per staff member were discussed. The final phase of the analysis process involved comparing and contrasting the salient findings that appeared similar or dissimilar across the data. Key emerging issues related to research question one identified the unexpected outcome addressing the needs of children and the helplessness felt by the mothers. Other issues discussed were the emotional challenges that accessing a refuge brought in terms of preparation, isolation, and location along with the importance of relational support in service delivery. In relation to research question two, key issues highlighted include the engagement of residents in support interventions and the impact that financial cuts have had on refuges. From a counselling psychology perspective, implications are identified for research and professional practice across a range of roles, from refuge personnel and funding commissioners to services that work alongside refuges, such as housing associations, local governments, and mental health professionals.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T13:35:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Cristina de Oliveira Furtado - 2018.pdf: 12936775 bytes, checksum: bd5df4b88b7bb983955a7c9d84fb6f01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T13:38:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Cristina de Oliveira Furtado - 2018.pdf: 12936775 bytes, checksum: bd5df4b88b7bb983955a7c9d84fb6f01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T13:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maria Cristina de Oliveira Furtado - 2018.pdf: 12936775 bytes, checksum: bd5df4b88b7bb983955a7c9d84fb6f01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / The present master thesis deals with the spaces of refuge existing in the surroundings of the city of Pirenópolis and what are the material and symbolic elements that bring to these places an atmosphere of cosiness and peace. In big cities, man is increasingly disconnected from nature and therefore some people seek to inhabit less urbanized places. Among the motivations is the feeling of security, decreasing in the city. The nature that inspired danger today is the place of protection of modern life. The theoretical discussion covers several areas of study that are in line with the architectural phenomenology approach. Within this context, the philosopher Gaston Bachelard and architect Christian Norberg-Schulz form the basis of the analysis methodology. A tectonic expression and the sensorial aspects of the complementary spaces or theoretical referentials, being important in the realized analyzes. All of them are in tune with the postmodern paradigms of contemporary dwelling, where the object of study is located. The data gathering was carried out through bibliographical, documentary and field research. The interviews are of the type unstandardized and were made with residents of the spaces of refuge. In the final chapter, the analysis of three houses was first carried out, detailing the information about them. In a second moment, the analysis is based on the outstanding elements of the theoretical reference, where besides the three spatialities highlighted, there are also symbolic and sensorial aspects of other raised domestic refuges. In this way, the research proposed to understand ways of living that are in contact with nature and that establish a deep connection between the inhabitant and the place. It is also observed how the theories related to the phenomenology of the architecture are present in the spaces studied. / A presente dissertação trata dos espaços de refúgio existentes nos arredores da cidade de Pirenópolis e quais são os elementos materiais e simbólicos que trazem a esses lugares uma atmosfera de aconchego e paz. Nas grandes cidades o homem está cada vez mais desconectado da natureza e, por isso, algumas pessoas buscam habitar lugares menos urbanizados. Entre as motivações está a sensação de segurança, cada vez menor na urbe. A natureza que inspirava perigo hoje é o lugar de proteção da vida moderna. A discussão teórica abrange diversas áreas de estudos que estão em consonância com a abordagem da fenomenologia da arquitetura. Dentro deste contexto, o filósofo Gaston Bachelard e o arquiteto Christian Norberg-Schulz formam a base principal da metodologia de análise. A expressão tectônica e os aspectos sensoriais dos espaços complementam o referencial teórico, sendo importantes nas análises realizadas. Todos eles estão afinados com os paradigmas pós-modernos do habitar contemporâneo, onde se localiza o objeto de estudo. O levantamento de dados foi realizado através de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. As entrevistas são do tipo despadronizadas e foram feitas com moradores dos espaços de refúgio. No capítulo final estão as análises de três casas, com detalhes das informações sobre as mesmas. Em um segundo momento, a análise parte de elementos destacados do referencial teórico, onde, além das três espacialidades destacadas, figuram também aspectos simbólicos e sensoriais de outros refúgios domésticos levantados. Desta forma, a pesquisa se propôs a compreender modos de habitar que estão em contato com a natureza e que estabelecem uma profunda conexão entre o habitante e o lugar. Observou-se ainda como as teorias relacionadas à fenomenologia da arquitetura estão presentes nos espaços estudados.

O processo para o refúgio é o conjunto de regras e princípios necessários à aplicação do Direito dos Refugiados aos casos concretos. Quando este conjunto respeita os padrões democráticos do Devido Processo Legal, as tendências históricas de exploração e manipulação política do instituto de refúgio podem ser limitadas e os objetivos humanitários deste ramo dos Direitos Humanos podem ser alcançados com maior transparência. Quando o Devido Processo Legal para o refúgio é respeitado, também se permite que a pessoa que figura como solicitante de refúgio seja tratada como sujeito de direitos - e não como objeto do processo. Uma vez que a Convenção de Genebra de 1951, sobre o Estatuto dos Refugiados, não estabeleceu normas de processo, cada país signatário necessita criar um regime próprio para processar os pedidos de determinação, extensão, perda e cessação da condição de refugiado em seus territórios. O primeiro regime processual brasileiro foi criado no ano de 1997, pela Lei Federal 9497. Desde então, o país vem desenvolvendo, através do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE), regras infra legais e rotinas práticas que têm determinado um padrão processual ainda fragmentado e inseguro. O estudo do aparato normativo nacional e da realidade observada entre 2012 e 2014 revelam a existência de problemas (pontuais ou crônicos) sobre o cumprimento de diversos princípios processuais, tais como a Legalidade, a Impessoalidade e Independência da autoridade julgadora, o Contraditório, a Ampla Defesa, a Publicidade, a Fundamentação, a Igualdade e a Razoável Duração do Processo. Estes problemas impõem desafios variados ao Brasil, tanto em dimensão legislativa quanto estrutural. O enfrentamento destas questões precisa ocorrer com rapidez. O motivo da urgência, porém, não é a nova demanda de imigração observada no país, mas sim o fato de que as violações ao Devido Processo Legal, verificadas no processo para o refúgio brasileiro, representam, em si, violações de Direitos Humanos, que, ademais prejudicam o compromisso do país para com a proteção internacional dos refugiados. / The Refuge Process is a set of rules and principles which are necessary to the enforcement of Refugee Rights in specific cases. When this set of rules and principles complies with the democratic standards of the Due Process of Law, historical tendencies of exploitation and political manipulation of the Refuge Process can be limited and the humanitarian purposes of this branch of Human Rights can be achieved with greater transparency. When the Due Process of Law for Refuge is followed, it also allows for the refuge seeker to be treated as a legal subject, rather than an object, in the process. As the Geneva Convention, in 1951, did not establish procedural norms on the matter of the Refugee Status, each signatory country must create its own legal framework to deal with requests of declaration, extension, loss and termination of said status in their territory. The first Brazilian procedural norm on this topic was created in 1997, by Federal Law No. 9.497. Since then the country has been developing, through the National Committee for Refugees (Comitê Nacional para Refugiados CONARE), regulatory provisions and protocols which have given rise to a procedural standard that remains fragmented and unsafe. The analysis of the national legal framework and the reality observed between 2012 and 2014 reveals a series of issues (which can be specific in some cases and persistent in others) concerning the enforcement of many procedural canons, such as the Principle of Legality, Impersonality, the Independence of the Judiciary, the Contradictory, Full Defense, Publicity, Statement of Reasons, Equality and the Reasonable Duration of the Procedure. These problems present Brazil with a number of challenges, regarding not only legislation, but also structure. These matters mustbe addressed with haste. What motivates such urgency, however, is not the recent increase in immigration, but the fact that the infringements of the Due Process of Law (seen in the Brazilian refuge process) represent, in themselves, violations of Human Rights, which, moreover, compromise the countrys commitment to the international refugee protection.

Cet ouvrage, composé de trois parties, présente un scénario des évènements qui se déroulent dans l'axe Est-Ouest. La première partie parle de la construction européenne et de la naissance de la migration interne des États membres. La création de la Communauté européenne et ses élargissements successifs ont conduit à un nouveau statut des frontières nationales et à l'émergence progressive d'un espace de libre circulation des biens et des personnes. La seconde partie concerne l'harmonisation des politiques d'immigration des pays membres, présente la Pologne comme un acteur important des politiques migratoires entre l'Est et l'Ouest. La dernière partie est dédiée à la politique européenne d'asile, à l'intégration européenne et à l'évolution des nouvelles politiques d'immigration européennes et notamment à l'intégration du Pacte européen pour l'immigration et l'asile. Le présent travail, qui met en évidence l'expérience polonaise des questions de migration, vise à définir les tendances migratoires, à évoquer la nature des problèmes forçant ou encourageant les citoyens d'un espace à le quitter. / The tesis, constructed in three parts, presents the script of the events which go on around the Est-West axis. The first part is about European construction and the birth of the internal migrations of the members nations. The birth of the European community and its enlargements resulted in a new status of national borders and gradual creation of the space of the free circulation of gouds and people. The second part refers to the harmonization of the immigration policies of the members countries, views Poland as an essential actor of migratory policy between East and West. The last part is devoted to European policy of refuge, European integration and new European evolution of immigration policy, especially the implement of the European Pact to immigration and refuge matters. The present work, which puts in evidence the experience of Polish migration issues, aims to define migration patterns, a close the origin of the problems forcing or enco! uraging citizen space is left.