En 1890, la municipalité de Liverpool ordonne la fermeture des maisons closes et « lieux de débauche », ce qui conduit des centaines de femmes à se retrouver sans abri. De nouvelles associations, fondées pour apporter des solutions à cette crise, s’ajoutent aux organisations, plus anciennes, qui dirigent des établissements de « réforme morale » pour femmes. Toutes affirment pouvoir « sauver » ces femmes en les enfermant dans leur foyer ou refuge unisexuel. Le Pénitencier, fondé en 1809, entend transformer ses pensionnaires en domestiques « respectables » grâce à un travail de « pénitence » de deux années. La Maison de refuge, association de femmes créée en 1890, privilégie un accueil d’une semaine. Le Saint Sauveur, fondé en 1891 et géré par la congrégation catholique des Pauvres Servantes de la Mère de Dieu, offre un repas et un hébergement aux femmes dans l’asile de nuit et forme des femmes catholiques au travail de blanchisserie pendant une année dans le refuge. Ce travail de recherche examine les différentes facettes de l’action de ces trois associations et compare leur capacité à appréhender les enjeux auxquels elles sont confrontées de 1890 à 1914. Ancrée dans le contexte politique, social, culturel et religieux de Liverpool, cette étude révèle la contribution essentielle des femmes à la définition du rôle des associations pour femmes. Elle montre comment ces organisatrices de l’aide, confrontées aux formes de discrimination propres à la société dans laquelle elles évoluent, ont adapté l’action des associations et amorcé la transition de la philanthropie vers le travail social dans la ville au début du XXe siècle. / In 1890 in Liverpool the City Council ordered the shutting of brothels and “immoral” houses, which led hundreds of women to become homeless. Some new organisations were set up in addition to the existent charities managing reform institutions for women in order to find solutions to this critical situation. All of them maintained that they could “rescue” these women by locking them up in their women-only homes or refuges. Founded in 1809, the Female Penitentiary aimed to transform its inmates into “respectable” maid-servants through penitence for two years. The House of Help, a women’s organisation created in 1890, accommodated women for a week. In the Saint Saviour’s Refuge and Night Shelter, established in 1891 and run by the Catholic congregation of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God, Catholic women were either fed and lodged for the night in the Night Shelter or trained to become laundresses for a year in the Refuge. The present work examines the various facets of the work performed by these three charities and compares their capacity to understand the stakes with which they were confronted from 1890 to 1914. Set in the political, social, cultural and religious context of Liverpool, this study reveals the essential contribution of women to the definition of the mission of organisations for women. It shows how female organisers, facing the forms of discrimination which characterised the society in which they lived, adapted the work of charities and initiated the transition from philanthropy to social work in the city at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza de F Biazeto.pdf: 638016 bytes, checksum: f619523f496d8afec825637934cf0092 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims to analyze the life of incarcerated black women at the Sant ana s Women Penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil. This research attempts to shed light on the reasons why black and white women are in this penitentiary examining the causes of their arrests and relating the results obtained in this study to propositional the starters to a policy geared to women prisoners and blacks. The high number of black women (black or mixed) in the Brazilian prison system and the case of a 15 years old from Pará who had over 20 men in her cell in Belém in November 2007, are matters that motivated this research . As a result of theoretical studies and interviews, it is noted that the presence of blacks in the prison system is a historical reality, despite changes in the governing laws over the years, continued racism has made it possible to analyze this historical process in the penal system. It is impossible to investigate the criminal matter without taking into account the variables of gender that accompany it. The circumstances in the penitentiary system of blacks and women are examples of social issues, which in order to be understood in Brazil and Latin America require critical studies of relevant fields and the historical and structural processes that established societies in the continent. The incarcerated black woman, therefore, is manifestation of a social issue. In this qualitative research, three black women and three white women were interviewed in order to find differences and similarities in their reports. The female inmates are housed in separate prisons according to their crimes with drug trafficking being the most common crime among the inmates. This study analyzed the meaning, interpretation and explanation of the content of the communication articulated during interviews, focusing on the following subjects: drug trafficking, social inequalities, skin color, and prejudice. This thesis has an enhanced purpose to shed light on key aspects that affect the incarcerated female population in Brazil and also helps to (re) construct female identities, even behind bars. Concerning black women, the act of (re) constructing their female and black identities is necessary for them to accept themselves. Consequently their acceptance of their own identities will allow for their individual progress and also the progress of their daughters. The (re) construction of female identities is an area which really needs to be strengthened and present within Brazilian history. In addition, another key emphasis of this study is the need for autonomy of the perception of the incarcerated female / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar a trajetória de mulheres negras e presas na Penitenciária Feminina de Sant ana. Busca-se, também, conhecer e compreender os motivos de incidência das mulheres negras e brancas nesta penitenciária, compreender os motivos que as levaram à prisão e articular os resultados obtidos no estudo a medidas propositivas voltadas às mulheres presas e negras. O elevado número de mulheres negras (pretas ou pardas) no sistema prisional brasileiro e o caso da adolescente paraense - de 15 anos, presa com mais de 20 homens numa cela em Belém, em novembro de 2007 -, são aspectos que motivaram a realização deste trabalho. Em decorrências dos estudos teóricos e entrevistas realizadas, nota-se que a presença do negro no sistema prisional se dá de longa data, com mutações de acordo com os códigos de leis que regiam épocas e que através do racismo é possível enxergar os sistemas penais ao longo de todo o processo histórico. Evidencia-se, também, que não é possível investigar a questão criminal sem levar em conta as variáveis de gênero que a acompanham. As situações do sistema prisional, do negro e da mulher são aqui elucidadas como expressões da questão social, que - para ser entendida no Brasil e na América Latina - exige uma revisitação crítica da ação dos sujeitos e dos processos históricoestruturais que instituíram as sociedades do continente. A mulher negra e presa, portanto, é considerada uma das expressões da questão social. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa, foram ouvidas três mulheres negras e três brancas, a fim de verificar diferenças e semelhanças nos relatos. O perfil das interlocutoras foi diversificado pela própria instituição prisional, sendo o tráfico de entorpecentes o delito comum entre elas. Realizou-se o estudo e a análise de conteúdo, através da compreensão, interpretação e explicação das formas de comunicação das entrevistas realizadas, com os seguintes itens de análise: o tráfico, as desigualdades sociais, a cor da pele como marca e o preconceito. A proposta amplificada desta dissertação visa elucidar aspectos que assolam a população prisional feminina brasileira e colaborar para (re)construir uma identidade feminina, mesmo que atrás das grades. No que concerne à mulher negra, (re)construir uma identidade feminina e negra, de aceitação própria, para o progresso e avanço próprio e das filhas, que necessariamente demandam ser fortalecidas e presentes na história brasileira. Acrescido a isso, vislumbra-se através da continuidade deste trabalho, a emergência da percepção da autonomia de quem se encontra presa