The subject of the diploma thesis is the analysis of water consumption in the area of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The main part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the measured data, which are recorded using a data logger located on the VF2 billing water meter. The processing of consumption curves is focused on individual working days, for days with or without instruction. From the results of the individual analyzes, maximum hourly limits are set for signaling of undesirable sampling states. In the end, the Smart Water Meters principle is introduced in the Czech Republic and abroad and a technical solution for the replacement of all billing water meters in the FAST area with new smart meters has been made.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por objetivo geral validar em condições reais de operação, a técnica (desenvolvida em ambiente laboratorial) de monitoramento remoto de baterias estacionárias e como objetivos específicos identificar as limitações das tecnologias convencionais de monitoramento de baterias estacionárias, avaliar a confiabilidade do método de monitoramento remoto proposto e justificar a alternativa tecnológica proposta à luz do impacto econômico que dela decorrem. O desenvolvimento deste tema de dissertação de mestrado foi motivado pelas contribuições que poderá produzir para a Light e demais empresas dos setores elétricos, óleo e gás, bancário, de telecomunicações, entre outros setores que utilizam baterias estacionárias. A Light e o CPqD realizaram o projeto de PeD Light-Aneel 033/2008. Este projeto teve como objetivo o aumento da confiabilidade dos serviços auxiliares das subestações e redução dos custos de manutenção. Para tal efeito, foi desenvolvido um sistema automatizado de monitoramento e gestão individual e remota de todos os elementos que compõe o banco de baterias. A pesquisa de mestrado avaliou, quantitativamente, a confiabilidade da medição remota realizada na subestação Baependi da Light, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia aplicada na presente dissertação consiste em estudos estatísticos (Testes de hipóteses paramétricos e não paramétricos) para comparação de resultados de tensão elétrica e impedância obtidos em condições reais de operação (Medições SIMBA-GEBAT) em relação ao equipamento portátil de medição. A pesquisa validou aos níveis de significância de 90 por cento, 95 por cento e 99 por cento, a metodologia empregada para avaliação remota de baterias para os ensaios de impedância e tensão elétrica e identificou a repetitividade da metodologia da avaliação remota. O resultado da pesquisa foi fundamental para provar a credibilidade do sistema de monitoramento remoto de baterias. A utilização desse sistema ora validado contribuirá para o aumento da confiabilidade dos equipamentos que utilizam sistema de backup, além de redução dos custos de manutenção preventiva. / [en] The present work has the general objective of validating, under real operation conditions, the technique (developed in a laboratorial environment) of remote monitoring of stationery batteries. The development of this MsC dissertation theme was motivated by the contributions that it is expected to give to the Light S.E.S.A. and other companies of the Electric Sector, Oil and Gas, Bank, IT and many others which use stationary batteries in their DC energy supply. Light and CPqD developed together a Research and Development Project named ReD Light-ANEEL 033/2008. This project had as its main objective to increase the reliability of the ancillary services of substations and to reduce their maintenance costs. To reach this target, was developed an automated monitoring system and a remote individual management of all elements that form the batteries bank. The MSc research evaluated, quantitatively, the reliability of the remote metering, performed to the Light’s Baependi substation, which is located in the south zone of Rio de Janeiro City. The methodology applied in this dissertation consists of statistical studies (Hypothesis testing parametric and nonparametric), for comparison of voltage and impedance results obtained in actual operating conditions (Measurements SIMBA-GEBAT) compared to portable measurement. The research has validated, to the significance levels of 90 per cent, 95 per cent and 99 per cent, the methodology used to the remote evaluation of batteries relatively to the impedance and voltage essays, and has also identified the repetitivity of the remote evaluation methodology. The research results were fundamental to prove the credibility of the remote monitoring system of batteries. The use of this system will contribute to increase the reliability of the equipments which use backup systems, besides promoting a cost reduction of the predictive maintenance.

Objective. After skin flap transplants, perfusion strength monitoring is essential for the early detection of tissue perfusion disorders and thus to ensure the survival of skin flaps. Camera-based photoplethysmography (cbPPG) is a non-contact measurement method, using video cameras and ambient light, which provides spatially resolved information about tissue perfusion. It has not been researched yet whether the measurement depth of cbPPG, which is limited by the penetration depth of ambient light, is sufficient to reach pulsatile vessels and thus to measure the perfusion strength in regions that are relevant for skin flap transplants. Approach. We applied constant negative pressure (compared to ambient pressure) to the anterior thighs of 40 healthy subjects. Seven measurements (two before and five up to 90 min after the intervention) were acquired using an RGB video camera and photospectrometry simultaneously. We investigated the performance of different algorithmic approaches for perfusion strength assessment, including the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), its logarithmic components logS and logN, amplitude maps, and the amplitude height of alternating and direct signal components. Main results. We found strong correlations of up to r = 0.694 (p < 0.001) between photospectrometric measurements and all cbPPG parameters except SNR when using the green color channel. The transfer of cbPPG signals to POS, CHROM, and O3C did not lead to systematic improvements. However, for direct signal components, the transformation to O3C led to correlations of up to r = 0.744 (p < 0.001) with photospectrometric measurements. Significance. Our results indicate that a camera-based perfusion strength assessment in tissue with deep-seated pulsatile vessels is possible.

State estimation plays an important role in modern power systems. The errors in the telemetered measurements and the connectivity information of the network will greatly contaminate the estimated system state. This dissertation provides solutions to suppress the influences of these errors. A two-stage state estimation algorithm has been utilized in topology error identification in the past decade. Chapter II discusses the implementation of this algorithm. A concise substation model is defined for this purpose. A friendly user interface that incorporates the two-stage algorithm into the conventional state estimator is developed. The performances of the two-stage state estimation algorithms rely on accurate determination of suspect substations. A comprehensive identification procedure is described in chapter III. In order to evaluate the proposed procedure, a topology error library is created. Several identification methods are comparatively tested using this library. A remote measurement calibration method is presented in chapter IV. The un-calibrated quantities can be related to the true values by the characteristic functions. The conventional state estimation algorithm is modified to include the parameters of these functions. Hence they can be estimated along with the system state variables and used to calibrate the measurements. The measurements taken at different time instants are utilized to minimize the influence of the random errors. A method for auto tuning of measurement weights in state estimation is described in chapter V. Two alternative ways to estimate the measurement random error variances are discussed. They are both tested on simulation data generated based on IEEE systems. Their performances are compared. A comprehensive solution, which contains an initialization process and a recursively updating process, is presented. Chapter VI investigates the errors introduced in the positive sequence state estimation due to the usual assumptions of having fully balanced bus loads/generations and continuously transposed transmission lines. Several tests are conducted using different assumptions regarding the availability of single and multi-phase measurements. It is demonstrated that incomplete metering of three-phase system quantities may lead to significant errors in the positive sequence state estimates for certain cases. A novel sequence domain three-phase state estimation algorithm is proposed to solve this problem.

The aim of this thesis is to perform an analysis of possibilities and benefits of installing the Smart Water Metering technology at campus of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The main goal was to provide specific solutions of Smart Metering systems from different companies. One part of this thesis is dedicated to a detailed analysis of a water consumption measurement campaign that took place at the beginning of this academic year using dataloggers. Real-time flow rate and consumed volume was recorded every five minutes. Therefore it was possible to determine water consumption patterns during the day and also tell the minimum, maximum and average flow rate in different parts of the campus. Thanks to these measurements, irregular water consumption during the night was observed. This would not have been easily detected without recording real-time data. This system of recording real-time flow rates with dataloggers is considered to be suitable for the needs of faculty. Thanks to a GSM module, recorded values are sent to an FTP server once a day. From there the data can be downloaded to any kind of analysis software. Installation of Smart Water Metering technology at campus of Faculty of Civil Engineering would be beneficial for both operation of the water supply network and also for purposes of an academic research.