Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005. / Supervisors: Gang Yu and Jonathan Bard. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

The business management literature has largely neglected the theme of risk management for SMEs. So the aim of this research was to explore the current state of risk management in German SMEs and to reveal the problems which firms have with implementing a risk management system. Risk management is a relatively new discipline. Thus until now no general standard has been developed what to understand by a holistic risk management. Based on an extensive literature analysis, this study - besides risk management in the stricter sense - also sees the following components as essential for a holistic risk management: business planning and modern instruments of performance measurement. The present investigation places a special focus on these subsystems. Because of lacking empirical data a nationwide postal questionnaire has been chosen to obtain a broad picture of current risk management practices in German SMEs. A validation and further deepening of the results has been carried out by a larger number of research interviews. Derived from a comprehensive analysis of the questionnaire and the interview results, a scoring approacht o assessth e risk managements ophisticationo f SMEs has been developed. The approach does not, as usual, evaluate one single scoring figure. Insteadi t allows a differentiated assessmenbt y evaluating separates coring figures for each component of a holistic risk management system. The scoring approach presented is very transparent and thus can easily be adapted for similar research problems of risk management. Based on the scoring approach, this study introduces a new typology of risk management practices, derived from the empirical findings. It extracts three types of firms' risk management practices: reactors, defender/prospectors and analysers. The typology draws on the well-established approach of Miles and Snow who developed their types for classifying business organizations. The present study develops the Miles and Snow typology and makes it applicable for the purpose of risk management practices. Each of the three risk management types is described by its determinants with respect to the components of a holistic risk management. Then recommendations are formulated which actions a firm of the respective type should take to improve its risk managementt,h us contributing to the firm's further positive development

Projects are pervasive and disparate spanning a plethora of domains. Most projects are unified by certain characteristics regardless of the sector or industry to which they belong i.e. time & budget limitedness, a concern for quality, and a goal orientation. Although, projects have been around for a longtime, the phenomenon of conflict in projects gained interest around the 1960s with the introduction of the matrix form of organization. However, out of all the research papers on project centric conflict between 1960 to 1980 time period, only one is empirically grounded and that too focused on IT projects. Surprisingly, the findings put forward during this time period are to date considered valid and propagated by most project literature as universally true. Several other studies have contributed peripheral contributions to the project conflict literature, however, no study has focused on building an understanding of why and how conflicts arise on projects, how they are managed, and affects they create within projects. Recent concerns pertaining to project failures, despite the existence of well-defined problems and toolsets, gave birth to an ESRC funded research network named `Rethinking Project Management'. Whose members in examining the ontological groundings of project management identified several areas of interest for future research in project management; one of which is complexity. The present study therefore focuses on integrating the concerns of conflict & negotiation within the context of project complexity. Every research has its philosophical bearings. This study is ontologically objectivist and epistemologically subjectivist (consequently the axiology is subjectivist as well). This study accepts a Critical Realist view of the world and perceive the conceivable knowledge about this world to be subjective in nature. As the study is concerned about understanding the processes through which conflict & negotiation reify and interplay within a project the objective is not to find generalizations but rather to seek out patterns of occurrences and to build explanations. The methodology followed in the study is mixed, borrowing from both positivistic and constructivist ideologies. The survey methodology is used to, in loose terms, cast a net and capture the status quo. Results of the survey supplement the literature review driven a priori assumptions and seek out context embedded variables that the literature has not touched upon. Findings from the survey contribute to the succeeding case study methodology, which inquired into their detail through the use of interviews. Data for the study was collected between March through August 2010. During the first phase of the study 86 questionnaires were filled from 73 different projects. The survey data was analyzed using aggregate statistical techniques and a thesaurus based automated coding software named Leximancer. Results of the survey indicate that all projects surveyed had experienced some form of conflict and used at least one type of negotiation technique. A large number of projects faced conflicts related to land access, political pressures, time, interdepartmental relationships, and availability of resources. Project behavior when experiencing conflict exhibits a theme of delay, slowness, and work stoppages; there are also negative effects on group cohesion and productivity. The respondents described projects experiencing conflict as challenging, time consuming, delayed, and difficult. The data also revealed several useful patterns within projects experiencing conflicts. Additionally, baseline data for project complexity was captured using Shenhar and Dvir's Diamond Approach from all the projects surveyed. Findings, from the survey contributed to the study by providing preliminary answers to each of the research questions asked. Data gathered as a result of the survey contributed significantly to the design and orientation of the case study interviews. The second phase of the data collection involved implementation of the case study methodology. Personnel at various levels of nine projects, one government consultant, and a tribal elder were interviewed, for a total of thirty interviews. Additionally, six meetings on one of the projects, and two movie filming sequences were observed. Published and non-published reports on all the projects were examined. Interviews were captured using causal-maps (a cognitive mapping technique) and short notes. The causal-maps were captured using Banxia Decision Explorer and later refined using Cmap (an open-source mapping software). Each project's complexity measurements were taken and compared against the complexity baseline developed as a result of the survey. Results from the case study reveals certain patterns of behavior on the projects, specifically in the interactions taking place between a project and its principle organization, peers, and subordinates. Additionally, I find that quality plays the most active role in project conflict & negotiation and contributes significantly to project complexity because of its interconnection to other concepts and the recursive nature of the connections it spawns. Some factors that were reported by the survey as contributing significantly to project complexity and project conflict & negotiation were disqualified and a foundation laid for further inquiry into the role played by conflict & negotiation in project complexity. In concluding the study the data is first discussed through the lens of Jurgen Habermas' (1984) Theory of Communicative Action (TCA) and is followed by a general discussion on the data. The study concludes with a discussion on the possible future work that could result from this work.

Certain hazard combinations present a risk that is greater than the sum of the risk attributable to each constituent hazard. These ‘synergistic risks’ occur in several domains, can vary in magnitude, and often have life-threatening consequences. However, research concerning the extent to which people understand synergistic risks is in its infancy, and extant studies investigating this topic have encountered problems in identifying valid measures of subjective risk judgments for combined hazards. Consequently, few firm conclusions can be made about the extent to which people understand synergistic risks. This thesis presents four original research papers that aim to provide greater insight into peoples’ judgments of synergistic risks, and investigates how such judgments may be assessed and improved. Each of the studies presented in the four papers employs data obtained via questionnaires specifically designed to address each research question. In the first paper, two studies are presented that examine whether people believe that combined hazards can present synergistic risks. In the second paper, qualitative data is analysed to explore the cognitive reasoning that individuals employ when assessing the risk for combined hazards. The third paper presents a study that assess a new metric for the assessment of risk judgments for combined hazards, and a second study in which domain-experts’ and non-experts’ judgments are compared. The final paper features a study that investigates which message content (i.e., antecedent vs. probabilistic data) most effectively informs people about synergistic risks. The results show that many people can make veridical judgments of synergistic risks. The findings indicate such judgments may depend on factors that include hazard-specific knowledge, judgmental experience and a rudimentary awareness of an xiii underlying causal mechanism for the increased risk. However, many people also make non/less veridical judgments; often underestimating the magnitude of the synergistic risk or employing an additive risk model which corresponds to the notion of ‘adding’ one hazard to another. Furthermore, the findings suggest risk judgments for combined hazards do not vary according to hazard domain but, rather, according to the hazard characteristics. Importantly, the research also identifies both (a) a valid method of assessing peoples’ risk judgments for combined hazards, and (b) risk communications contents that can lead to significant improvement in individuals’ understanding of synergistic risks

Despite the growing interest of scholars, research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the role of the subsidiaries of foreign multinational companies (MNCs) in the context of developing countries is scant. This research identifies the relevant concerns and knowledge gap in the literature, particularly, the lack of understanding of the behaviour of the subsidiaries of MNCs‟ in the context of developing countries. To address this knowledge gap this research examines the CSR of the subsidiaries of foreign MNCs in the context of a developing country (i.e. Pakistan). This research is embedded in an interpretive paradigm in which reality is subjective and social actors construct the social world. In addition, a framework is proposed that recognises the complexity of the social context within which MNCs operate, and the study presents a synthesis of interrelated theories and concepts to examine the CSR of MNCs in the context of Pakistan. Using the interpretive qualitative case study approach, empirical data were collected from different stakeholders of subsidiaries of foreign MNCs operating in Pakistan through semi-structured interviews and supplemented by annual CSR reports of MNCs. The findings highlight the usefulness of the framework and reveal that most of the MNCs operating in Pakistan are involved in philanthropic activities. These philanthropic CSR activities are the result of stakeholder legitimacy and urgency attributes. In addition, the weak legal institutional environment, the limited role of NGOs and the relatively strong social and cultural (particularly religious) institutional environment result in narrow CSR perceptions leading to mainly charity-based philanthropic activities. The findings of this research also suggest that MNCs integrate a global CSR orientation with local CSR expectations. There is however, only limited diffusion of a contemporary global CSR agenda due to the lack of systematic stakeholder engagement, lack of awareness about contemporary CSR issues, a lack of government power to implement laws, and a lack of interest of the parent companies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This research fills the gaps in literature through the proposed framework of the study and empirical evidence collected from a developing country context. In addition, this research suggests future research options and offers suggestions for managers of MNCs, representatives of NGOs and regulatory authorities.

The research focuses on formal supply chain disruption management (SCDM) processes and the usefulness of such procedures. Based on the risk management (RΜ) process, a generic SCDM process consists of the following interconnected phases: define context, identification, assessment, implementation and management and monitoring. Each phase is described, and possible activities and strategies a company may adopt are proposed. Following a literature research in respect of SCDM strategies and RM processes, the application of SCDM processes in two case study company contexts, auto-manufacturing and water utilities, is examined. The auto-manufacturing company, which operates in a global supply chain and follows lean practices, does not adopt formal processes for managing supply chain disruptions. Disruptions are usually managed on a reactive basis by ‘fighting fires’ and proactive measures are based on the company’s experience in handling past disruption events. The water utilities company uses a formal RM process for managing disruptions along its water supply chain, apparently motivated by a requirement to follow regulations set by the regulators and because of its involvement in offering a product which meets basic needs of its customers. The application of RM to supply chains is not a widely practiced concept as is evident from both the literature and the case study findings. Companies usually avoid spending resources on preparing for disruptions that may never materialize, and companies that do apply RM do so either because of regulations or disruptions in the past that had an adverse impact on the companies’ operations. When applied, though, it helps guide decision makers through the SCDM process, with which more informed decisions can be taken and important risks handled, increasing the resilience and robustness of the company to supply chain disruptions.

This study examines the whistle-blowing decisions of government internal auditors in response to individual and collective corruption occurring within government internal audit units. An auditor is simultaneously a role-prescribed and non-role-prescribed whistle-blower that may behave hypocritically. On the one hand, auditors may be intolerant of and report any corruption taking place within their audit clients. On the other hand, they may display an unwillingness to blow the whistle on corruption committed by their fellow auditors in which they and the recipients of whistle-blowing information may be a part of or beneficiaries of the wrongdoing. To examine how, why and what factors influence their whistle-blowing decisions, we utilised two approaches: the whistle-blowing intentions through the use of case scenarios and actual wwhistleblowing relying on the self-reported cases. Mixed methods of surveys, interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in seven government internal audit units. Seeing whistle-blowing as a constructive behaviour for the benefit of the organisation involving an ethical dilemma, we integrated the prosocial organisational behaviour and ethical decision-making perspectives of whistle-blowing to develop a three-phases of whistle-blowing decision. In phase 1, the potential whistle-blowers evaluated the wrongfulness and the seriousness of the wrongdoing in accordance with their ethical sensitivity and evaluated the existence of responsibility to act to stop the wrongdoing. In phase 2, they evaluated the organisation responsiveness and the existence of the demoralising situation. In phase 3, they assessed their personal responsibility, identified alternative decisions according to his/her ethical competence, calculated the cost and the benefit of each alternative and decide to blow or not to blow the whistle depended on their ethical perseverance. The study demonstrates that ethical judgement, moderated by the perceived seriousness and organisational commitment, significantly influenced the whistle-blowing intentions. while taking the ethical climate, wrongdoer’s power status and whistle-blower’s job level into consideration. The study found the domination of informal hidden values instead of formal written values and the occurrence of the process of normalisation of corruption that led to the destructive act of silence. They reduced the ethical sensitivity towards the wrongfulness and the seriousness of the corruption, diffused the responsibility to blow the whistle and created the demoralising situation. The organisations were not responsive. The whistle-blowing information was ignored and leaders often promoted an attitude of silent acquiescence by rewarding silent observers. The risk of whistle-blowing appeared greater than the expected benefit of being a submissive silent observer. When whistle-blowing information was eventually received, leaders rectified the problem informally outside of official procedures. The rules were upheld only when there was external pressure on the leaders. Through this, the wrongdoer will feel secure and the whistle-blower will perceive that the act of whistleblowing is not acceptable. The combination of the unwillingness to blow the whistle and the process of the normalisation of organisational corruption may create a vicious cycle of corruption in and by organisations. On the contrary, whistle-blowing occurred when the potential whistle-blowers perceived that the act of whistle-blowing is a constructive behaviour supported by the organisation’s culture and leadership. Whistle-blowing legislation alone may not be sufficient to motivate employees to blow the whistle particularly in Indonesia where in-group collectivism and power distance are relatively high.

Purpose: Unlike the commercial industries, the risks arising from the healthcare industry’s internal system and the surrounding environment may cause serious consequences, even the patients’ health. Concerning the increasing emphasis on risk management in the healthcare supply chain environment, there is an urgent demand for a novel decision support method that supports supply chain risk management in the hospital setting. As the topic is still in the early stage and only a few systematic academic studies on this topic can be found over the last decades. This research aims to propose a novel comprehensive framework and integrated risk management model that takes explicit account of multiple types of risk factors in aiding decision-making as well as compares and ranks the current implemented alternative risk mitigation strategies using fuzzy set theory and multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods. Methodology: In pursuit of meeting the requirements of the research objectives, this research conducts empirical studies from both China and UK healthcare industries and follows three steps of risk management procedure based on the proposed framework to conduct risk factors identification, assessment and risk mitigation strategies identification. In order to ensure that the analysis is systematic and inclusive, various types of risk factors are identified through a related systematic literature review and are validated through a set of empirical studies. Risk assessment is conducted through two stages of questionnaire surveys and evaluated through Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). Thereafter, risk mitigation strategies are identified through conducted empirical studies and evaluated through Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Research Implications: This is the first study which has developed a comprehensive risk management framework in the healthcare supply chain that effectively integrates supply chain risk factors identification, risk assessment as well as mitigation strategy identification and evaluation. The novelty of the developed framework lies in the fact that a systematic and practical decision making tools are proposed supporting hospital managers making strategic decisions on healthcare supply chain risk management. Furthermore, compared with several studies using secondary data, this thesis uses empirical data to conduct the identification and evaluation of risk mitigation strategies, enabling the results closes to the reality of the situation in the healthcare setting. Practical Implications: The profile of risk sources, the priority weighting and inter-relationship among these risks and, the ranking of mitigation strategies provide a guideline for hospital managers to anticipate and proactively deal with potential risks. The proposed framework applies to both the UK and China healthcare industries, the finding can also be applied in other countries and regions.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005 / Project risk management is concemed with identifying, assessing and responding to uncertainties which could impact project outcomes. These impacts might be positive or negative, although the tendency in business has been to focus on the negative - or downside - risks, Le., those risks which could be potentially detrimental to project outcomes. Risk management requires an investment in time, effort and cost. For this reason, it has to be efficient if it is going to make business-sense. If it can be shown that risk management plays a positive role in supporting successful project delivery, then the case for investing in risk management will be validated. This study focuses on two projects within Old Mutual, to investigate the link between risk management and project success. Both projects had been approved by the company's Strategic Investment Committee (SICOM), which required that they conform to various governance criteria, including that their risks be managed according to a specified process. One of the projects - CRAFT - was deemed by its stakehoiders to have delivered successfully, while the other - SSA - was perceived to have had mixed results. As a precursor to the study, an extensive review of the current literature on project risk management was undertaken. The literature was found to be largely consistent in its definition of project risk management, and to be concerned mainly with developing the processes and techniques for improving risk management in the live project environment. Based on the literature, it was possible to develop an analytical framework for use as a generic tool in evaluating the role which effective risk management practice could have on project success.