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Yes / This paper uses a leading UK supermarket’s loyalty card database to assess the effectiveness and impact of the 2004 UK reduced salt campaign. We present an econometric analysis of purchase data to assess the effectiveness of the Food Standard Agency’s (FSA) ‘reduced salt campaign’. We adopt a general approach to determining structural breaks in the time series of purchase data, using unit root tests whereby structural breaks are endogenously determined from the data. We find only limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of the FSA’s reduced salt campaign. Our results support existing findings in the literature that have used alternative methodologies to examine the impact of information campaigns on consumer choice of products with high salt content. / UK Food Standards Agency (FSA Project Code: D03008)

Marginal zones of salt diapirs and canopies are complex geological environments, with rapid spatial variations in lithology, strain, and fluid-assisted alteration. These complex zones can contain economically attractive hydrocarbon accumulations. However, they are difficult to image seismically due to the irregular geometry of salt bodies and the large property contrast between salt and the surrounding sediments. I present an integrated and multiscale approach to build realistic models of salt margins that represent the geological heterogeneity and seismic anisotropy in such complex zones. Structural field data and petrophysical measurements are used to constrain such models. A suite of evaporite samples of various compositions are used to predict the seismic anisotropy from their crystal preferred orientations (CPOs) and elastic properties. Ultrasonic seismic velocities are measured to calculate the relative contribution of the shape preferred orientations to the seismic anisotropy of such samples. Calculation of the seismic anisotropy produced by thinly interlayered evaporites provides a link between small-scale compositional heterogeneity with large-scale seismic anisotropy. Integration of outcrop structural models, petrophysical measurements and the characterisation of seismic anisotropy of salt is possible through seismic modelling. My results suggest that the seismic anisotropy of these samples is strongly controlled by their CPOs, which ranges from 3 to 7% for halite, from 8 to 10% for anhydrite, and from 13 to 22% for gypsum. Predictions indicate that the contribution of a small amount (< 10 %) of anhydrite can moderately alter the seismic anisotropy of polycrystalline evaporite. A small amount of anhydrite interlayered with halite yields anisotropy parameters with magnitudes of = −0.014, = −0.044, and = −0.193, which agree with those parameters calculated for polycrystalline salt. Such calculations of seismic anisotropy at grain scale enable the study of the propagation of seismic waves through salt margins. Seismic images generated from outcrop models of salt diapir flanks show moderate image degradation if anisotropy of salt is neglected during seismic migration. This methodology provides a foundation for the characterisation of seismic anisotropy of salt with which models of salt margins can be improved.

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Salinity stress predisposed Penncross creeping bentgrass to cottony blight caused by P. aphanidermatum. Studies were conducted on the effects of salinity on the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum and on the growth of Penncross bentgrass. Mycelial growth increased significantly up to Ec levels of 7.1 ds/m when compared to mycelial growth at the control Ec levels of 0.5 ds/m. Plant growth was reduced to 50% of the control at Ec levels of 4.3 ds/m. 3-month-old Penncross bentgrass plants were inoculated and incubated at two differing temperatures. At 32 C, all plants died within 3 days regardless of salinity treatment. Rates of plant death were greatest at salinity levels over 2.8 ds/m. At 27 C, plants irrigated with water at Ec levels from 4.3 to 7.1 ds/m showed complete necrosis within 5 days, while treatments irrigated with tap water showed no disease symptoms.

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