No description available.

Thesis advisor: Kenneth G. Galli / Thesis advisor: Noah P. Snyder / The Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation records a time of increased volcanic activity in the North American Cordillera during the Late Jurassic. Sedimentological and petrographic observations in the Brushy Basin, in conjunction with findings of widespread plutonic intrusion in the source areas, point to a volcanic pulse within the Cordilleran magmatic arc. This study investigated the subjacent Salt Wash Member, for the purpose of better constraining the timing of the volcanic pulse. Petrographic and statistical analyses of the Salt Wash sandstone identified statistically significant upsection trends in volcanic rock fragment and plagioclase feldspar at one of the four study areas. The remaining three study areas showed no upsection trends in sandstone composition that would reflect a pulse in volcanism during Salt Wash Member time. It is more likely that the Salt Wash was deposited during a time of volcanic quiescence leading up to the post-Nevadan Orogeny volcanic reactivation. Sedimentology and cementation patterns of the Salt Wash Member were also studied. Cathodoluminescence indicates that the member was well-flushed with shallow formation waters, thus preventing any calcite optical zoning. Luminescence intensity suggests that the Salt Wash Member sediments were cemented at varying depths and within differing Eh-pH regimes. Field-based sedimentological observations support a model of braided stream channel deposition across a semi-arid landscape with streamflow entering the basin from both the south and west. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

This dissertation focuses on the synthesis and electrochemical testing of new electrolyte salts for rechargeable multivalent ion batteries. In chapters 2 and 3 the synthesis of Mg and Ca hexafluoropnictogenate salts as well as the electrochemical behaviour of Mg(PF6)2 is presented. Pure samples of Mg(EF6)2 (E = P, As, and Sb) can be synthesized using Mg metal and NOPF6/NOSbF6 in CH3CN or via a ammonium salt deprotonation route using Me3NHAsF6 and Bu2Mg. The NOPF6 method was extended to the Ca variant, but isolation of a pure Ca(PF6)2 material required the presence of a crown ether. Electrochemical and microscopy measurements of THF-CH3CN solutions of Mg(PF6)2 show that the electrolyte good electrochemical stability and can facilitate the plating/stripping of Mg. Further, this electrolyte system can be cycled in a full cell using the Chevrel phase Mo6S8 cathode. The electrochemical stability of the AsF6− and SbF6− salts is lower than that of the PF6− salt and electrolyte decomposition is observed when cycling on Mg electrodes. In chapter 4 the development of a series of Mg aluminates [Mg(AlOR4)2] using a general synthetic platform based on Mg(AlH4)2 and various alcohols is presented. Preliminary electrochemical studies performed on these aluminate salts in dimethoxyethane identify the phenoxy and perfluoro-tert-butoxy derivatives as promising electrolyte systems. Electrochemical cycling of these electrolytes using gold and Mg electrodes show that systems containing chloride, brought through to the product from the starting material in the form of NaCl, exhibit lower plating/stripping overpotentials and higher Coulombic efficiencies than systems from which chloride had been removed. Further, these two electrolytes can be used in Mg full cells containing the Chevrel phase cathode. Solid-state 23Na NMR analysis as well as DFT calculations show that chloride-containing electrolytes facilitate the co-insertion of Na into the cathode material. In chapter 5 the hydroboration of pyridines and CO2 in the presence of pinacolborane is presented. An optimized system employing NH4BPh4 and HBpin is developed and a mechanism of pyridine hydroboration is proposed based on multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The catalytic reaction was found to be catalyzed by a boronium salt, which was structurally characterized in the solid-state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This new catalytic method is shown to be tolerant to a number of functional groups in the 3-position on pyridine as well as quinoline, and CO2, producing the hydroboration products in good yields.

鹽鹼化是世界上最主要非生物脅迫之一，它主要是由於土壤中的鹽（氯化鈉）過量積累所導致的, 不僅影響植物的生長而且也影響農作物的產量。大豆是世界上最重要的經濟類豆科植物之一，由於其種子內含有豐富的營養物質例如蛋白質，油，糖分和纖維，所以它為我們提供了極為重要和大量的油脂和蛋白。在鹽脅迫下大豆的產量會有明顯的降低。由於以上這些情況，我們希望搞清楚大豆對於鹽脅迫的反應機制。首先是通過蛋白質組學弄清楚鹽脅迫的生理過程和大豆如何耐受鹽脅迫的。一般來說，蛋白質組學包括了鑑定蛋白類的化合物和測量在生物系統中的蛋白含量的學科。近期，質譜的發展提供了一個去研究細胞內蛋白質的動態變化十分有用的平台。定量蛋白質組學的發展對於我們系統性的了解蛋白質的功能的分子是十分重要的並且預期會提供給我們各種生物過程和系統的分子機制的見解.其次，表觀遺傳性特別是組蛋白修飾。因為組蛋白修飾通過重新編排染色體的結構和組成參與了許多重要的生物過程並且這些翻譯後修飾對於植物的耐受鹽脅迫也發揮著十分重要的作用。因此我們希望了解組蛋白修飾是如何參與這一過程的。 / Salinity stress, which is caused by the accumulation of excessive amount of salts in the soil, is one of the most severe abiotic stresses that constraint not only crop plant growth but also crop productivity. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important economical legume crops in the world because of its richness of nutritional compositions including protein, oil, sugar and fiber in the seed. Soybean yield of sensitive cultivars is decreased dramatically under salt stress. Because of this, we tried to figure out the mechanism of how soybean response to salinity stress. Firstly, Proteomics--to elucidate the affected physiological process in the salinity stress and the way to tolerant the stress. In general, proteomics involves the identification of protein components and the measurement of protein abundance in biological systems. Recent mass spectrometry (MS)-based technology developments have provided useful platforms for the study of quantitative changes in protein components within the cell. Quantitative proteomics is important for the system-based understanding of the molecular function of each protein component and expected to provide insights into molecular mechanisms of various biological processes and systems. Secondly, Epigenetics--particularly histone modifications. Because histone modifications play important roles in many fundamental biological processes by rearranging the structure and composition of chromatin and PTMs have more roles in response salinity stress. So we want to understand how PTMs involve in this process from epigenetics. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Peng, Xu. / "October 2012." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-54). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Thesis committee --- p.i / Declaration --- p.ii / Abstract (in English) --- p.iii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / General abbreviations --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Soybean --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Salinity stress and plants’ response to salinity stress --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Mass Spectrometry base Proteomics --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction to proteomics --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Proteomic studies in plants --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Introduction to Epigenetics --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Present studies --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Proteomic studies in soybean --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Plant materials and stress treatment --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Protein extraction and nuclei extraction and histone isolation --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Protein Preparation for Mass Spectrometry --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Analysis of Protein using nanoLC-MS/MS and Data analysis --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results and discussions --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- One thousand two hundred seventeen proteins were identified by LC MS/MS-based proteomics technique --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Functional analyses of identified proteins --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- One hundred sixty-three proteins are changed under salinity stress as identified by LC MS/MS-based proteomics technique --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Important stress relate proteins were identified by LC MS/MS-based proteomics technique --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Histone PTMs in soybean under salinity stress --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Conclusions and perspectives --- p.35

大豆的豐富營養和經濟價值使它成為重要的農產品。但是，土壤鹽漬化影響著大豆的產量。這個問題在沿岸地方特別嚴重。若要改善大豆的耐鹽能力，必先增加對大豆耐鹽機理的了解。 / 本實驗室從大豆中發現了一個受鹽脅迫誘導表達的基因GmSAL1。以往透過體外酶反應分析法， GmSAL1蛋白被介定為一個能作用於1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇 (IP₃) 的肌醇磷酸-5-磷酸酶。這有別於在擬南芥中的SAL1同源蛋白AtSAL1, AtSAL1是一個肌醇磷酸-1-磷酸酶。由於IP₃是信號傳導途徑中的重要分子，本課題對與IP₃信號及耐鹽性相關的GmSAL1蛋白功能進行研究。 / 本課題旨在：（一）　研究GmSAL1對於細胞質內IP₃的累積的體內作用； （二） 研究 GmSAL1 在脫落酸 (ABA)　的信號傳導中的可能角色； （三） 研究 GmSAL1 在鹽脅迫下的保護作用。 / 本研究利用體內報告系統證明了 GmSAL1 對於減少細胞質內IP₃的累積的作用。這種影響IP₃水平的功能減弱了由 ABA 信號所引起的氣孔關閉和種子萌發抑制。利用 GmSAL1 轉基因煙草細胞 (BY-2)　和擬南芥，證明 GmSAL1 在鹽脅迫下起著短暫的保護作用。GmSAL1在鹽脅迫下的保護功能可能是由於蒸騰作用的局部恢復和細胞鈉離子區室化的作用。 / 本研究展示了肌醇信號，ABA信號和鹽脅迫反應三者之間的關係。這是在以前的研究中未被清楚闡釋的。 / Soybean is nutritionally and economically important. However, high soil salinity, particularly in coastal regions, impedes the production of soybean. Understanding the salt tolerance mechanism is the first step towards the enhancement of salt tolerance of soybean. / Our laboratory identified a salt-responsive gene from soybean namely GmSAL1. Previous in vitro enzyme assay suggested that the GmSAL1 protein is an inositol 5’-phopsphatase acting on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃), which is different from the enzymatic activity reported for the SAL1 homologue (AtSAL1) in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) which is an inositol 1-phopsphatase. Since IP₃ is an important molecule involved in signal transduction pathways, this project is to explore the in vivo functions of GmSAL1 in relation to IP3 signaling and salinity tolerance. / The specific objectives of this research are (1) to study the in vivo role of GmSAL1 on cytosolic IP₃ accumulation; (2) to study the possible involvement of GmSAL1 in ABA signaling; (3) to study the protective roles of GmSAL1 under salt stress. / In this project, the function of GmSAL1 to reduce cytosolic IP₃ was demonstrated using an in vivo reporter system. This activity on IP₃ levels reduced the sensitivity of stomatal closure and seed germination inhibition mediated by ABA signals. A transient protection effect against the ionic effect under salt stress by GmSAL1 was shown by gain-of-function tests in transgenic BY-2 cells and transgenic A. thaliana. The protective effect conferred by GmSAL1 may be due to a partial resuming of transpiration through reduction of ABA signals and compartmentalization of Na⁺ into vacuoles. / The study of GmSAL1 in this research demonstrated the link among inositol signaling, ABA signaling, and salinity response which was not well addressed in previous reports. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ku, Yee Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-104). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Statement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.v / General Abbreviations --- p.vii / Abbreviations of Chemicals --- p.ix / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Tables --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction to salinity and agriculture --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Adverse effects of salinity on plants --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Osmotic stress --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Ionic stress --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- Separation of ionic effect from osmotic effect --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- Oxidative stress --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Major physiological responses of plants to achieve salt tolerance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Maintenance of cellular ion homeostasis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Balance between Na⁺ and K⁺ influx --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Efflux of Na⁺ from cell --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Enhanced compartmentalization of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in vacuole --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.2.5 --- Enhanced vacuolar ion compartmentalization --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.2.6 --- Biosynthesis of osmolytes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- Signal transduction under salt stress --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- General introduction to signal transduction under salt stress --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- ABA signaling under salinity --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- General introduction to ABA signaling --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- IP₃ and ABA signaling --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Introduction to inositol phosphate --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.6 --- Phosphatidylinositol-5-monophosphate --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.7 --- Phosphatidylinositol (3,5) bisphosphate --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.8 --- Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.9 --- Inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate (IP₃) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.10 --- Inositol metabolism under salt stress --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.11 --- The involvement of IP₃ in ABA signaling --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- General introduction to Ca²⁺ signaling --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Ca²⁺ channels --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Ligand-gated Ca²⁺ channels --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.4.1.1 --- IP₃ gated Ca²⁺ channels --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.4.1.2 --- Cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.4.1.3 --- Glutamate receptor homologs (GLRs) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Voltage-gated Ca2⁺ channels --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.4.2.1 --- Two-pore channels (TPCs) --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.4.2.2 --- Mechanosensitive Ca2²⁺permeable channels (MSCCs) --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.4.2.3 --- Ca²⁺ and ABA signaling --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- ABA, IP₃ and Ca²⁺ signaling --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- Ca²⁺ signaling under salt stress --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- Ca²⁺ signal mediated cellular responses --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction to inositol phosphatases --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Previous studies on inositol phosphatases in plant --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4 --- Previous research on GmSAL1 in Prof. Hon-Ming Lam’s lab --- p.37 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objective and Significance of this project --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Plants, bacterial strains and vectors --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemicals and enzymes --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Buffer, medium and solution --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Primers --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Equipments and facilities --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Software --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Measurement of osmolarity --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Plant growth and treatment conditions --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- NaCl, PEG and ABA treatment on soybean plant --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Artificial crossing of A. thaliana --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Screening of double homozygous transgenic A. thaliana lines --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3 --- Molecular techniques --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- DNA extraction --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- PCR --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Screening of transgenes --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Synthesis of DIG-labeled DNA probe for northern blot analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- DNA gel electrophoresis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- RNA extraction --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Northern blot analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- RNA treatment --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Electrophoresis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.3 --- RNA blotting --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.5.4 --- GmSAL1 mRNA detection --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cell viability assay --- p.52 / Chapter 2.5 --- Na⁺ compartmentalization assay --- p.53 / Chapter 2.6 --- ABA sensitivity assays --- p.53 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Seed germination assay --- p.53 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Stomatal opening assay --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Differential response of GmSAL1 expression level to NaCl and PEG treatment --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- The expression of GmSAL1 in host plant is responsive to ABA --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of GmSAL1 on cytosolic IP₃ level in vivo --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Overexpression of GmSAL1 down-regulates in planta IP₃ level in guard cell --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Ectopic expression of GmSAL1 in A. thaliana alters stomatal aperture in the presence of ABA in a Ca²⁺ dependent manner --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6 --- Ectopic expression of GmSAL1 in A. thaliana reduces the ABA inhibitory effect on seed germination --- p.71 / Chapter 3.7 --- Overexpression of GmSAL1 transiently protects A. thaliana against ionic effect under salinity --- p.76 / Chapter 3.8 --- Overexpression of GmSAL1 enhances the survival of tobacco BY-2 cells under salt treatment but not near iso-osmotic PEG treatment --- p.80 / Chapter 3.9 --- Overexpression of GmSAL1 confers enhanced vacuolar compartmentalization of Na⁺ in NaCl treated BY-2 cells --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1 --- GmSAL1 as a novel inositol 5-phosphatase --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- The effect of GmSAL1 expression on ABA signaling --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Involvement of GmSAL1 in tolerance toward ionic effect under salt stress --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4 --- The protective function of GmSAL1 under salinity --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.96 / References --- p.97 / Chapter Appendix I --- Chemicals --- p.105 / Chapter Appendix II --- Formulations of buffer, medium and solution --- p.107 / Chapter Appendix III --- Equipments and facilities --- p.110 / Chapter Appendix IV --- Osmolarity of solutions --- p.111 / Chapter Appendix V --- Result of biological repeat of northern blot analysis of GmSAL1 in soybean leaf under NaCl --- p.113 / Chapter Appendix VI --- Result of biological repeat of northern blot analysis of GmSAL1 in soybean root under NaCl --- p.114 / Chapter Appendix VII --- Result of biological repeat of northern blot analysis of GmSAL1 in soybean leaves under 100μM ABA treatment for 0hr, 0.5hr, 1hr, 2hr and 4hr --- p.115 / Chapter Appendix VIII --- Result of biological repeat experiment on the survival rate of tobacco BY-2 cell in 150mM NaCl supplemented MS medium --- p.116 / Chapter Appendix IX --- Result of biological repeat experiment on the survival rate of tobacco BY-2 cell in 13.3% PEG-6000 supplemented MS medium --- p.117

Control of intracellular ion homeostasis is pivotal to plant salt tolerance. Plants have developed a number of mechanisms to keep ions at appropriate concentrations. Both transporters and channels on the plasma membrane play important roles in this function. Plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) in the plasma membrane are non-selective monovalent and divalent cation channels. So far, most studies on plant CNGCs have been conducted on heterologous systems. In planta, reverse genetic studies revealed the role of different CNGCs in cation uptake, transport and homeostasis. However, there is little information available about the functional characteristics of plant CNGCs. Among the 20 members of this protein family in Arabidopsis, only AtCNGC2 has been functionally identified as an ion channel; therefore, more functional characterization needs to be done on other members of this protein family. Several CNGCs were suggested to be involved in K+, Ca2+ and Na+ uptake and transport, but available information is scarce. This study investigated the relationship between CNGC10 and ion transport in Arabidopsis, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of CNGC10 in salt tolerance. Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) and two AtCNGC10 antisense lines (A2 and A3) were used to characterise the impact of different level of salt stress on (i) root growth, ion concentration in tissues, ion fluxes across the root surface and intracellular ion concentration and pH at the seedling stage, and (ii) photosynthesis and ion concentration in tissues at the flowering stage. Plants of both antisense lines had higher K+ and lower Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in shoots than WT plants when grown in non-salt control 1/4 Hoagland solution. Altered K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ internal concentrations in AtCNGC10 antisense lines compared with WT plants under non-salt conditions indicated disturbed long distance ion transport, especially xylem loading/retrieval and/or phloem loading. The results of ion fluxes across the root surface also suggested that AtCNGC10 might be involved in transport of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in tissue. Under sudden salt exposure, higher Na+ efflux and smaller K+ efflux in both antisense lines suggested that AtCNGC10 channels are involved in Na+ and K+ transport. The shoots of AtCNGC10 antisense lines A2 and A3 contained higher Na+ concentrations and significantly higher Na+/K+ ratios compared to WT, resulting in impaired photosynthesis and increased salt sensitivity in A2 and A3 than in WT plants. In contrast, seedlings of both antisense lines exposed to salt stress had lower shoot Na+/K+ ratios and longer roots than WT seedlings, indicating that A2 and A3 were more salt-tolerant than WT in the seedling stage, likely because growth is less dependent on photosynthesis in the seedling than in the flowering stage. These results suggested CNGC gene might play a different role during different developmental stages and in various plant organs.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of root colonization in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Moneymaker, by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices Shenck and Smith, on alleviating salt stress. I postulated that AM symbiosis increases tomato plant performance to salt stress. Two greenhouse experiments were done according to a randomized factorial experimental design. The results showed a significantly higher level of AM root colonization that also occurred earlier in salt than non-salt treated plants. There were also positive interactions between root colonization levels and the alleviation of salt stress; these contributions resulted initially on higher root fresh mass (FM), later on shoot FM, and DM, and higher phosphorus and unchanged potassium concentrations in roots. The effects observed in salt-treated plants were significant when root colonization levels were significantly different than those observed in non-salt treated plants. This suggests a relationship between the level of root colonization and the alleviation of salt stress in plants. The attempt to use molecular techniques to detect early root colonization was quite successful in detecting the presence of G. intraradices in AM plants. However, it was not possible to detect the presence of the AM fungus as early as by classical root staining. This was observed presumably because sampling methods were different. In general, the results support the hypothesis that AM root colonization contributes to some extent to salt resistance of tomato plants.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of root colonization in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Moneymaker, by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices Shenck and Smith, on alleviating salt stress. I postulated that AM symbiosis increases tomato plant performance to salt stress. Two greenhouse experiments were done according to a randomized factorial experimental design. The results showed a significantly higher level of AM root colonization that also occurred earlier in salt than non-salt treated plants. There were also positive interactions between root colonization levels and the alleviation of salt stress; these contributions resulted initially on higher root fresh mass (FM), later on shoot FM, and DM, and higher phosphorus and unchanged potassium concentrations in roots. The effects observed in salt-treated plants were significant when root colonization levels were significantly different than those observed in non-salt treated plants. This suggests a relationship between the level of root colonization and the alleviation of salt stress in plants. The attempt to use molecular techniques to detect early root colonization was quite successful in detecting the presence of G. intraradices in AM plants. However, it was not possible to detect the presence of the AM fungus as early as by classical root staining. This was observed presumably because sampling methods were different. In general, the results support the hypothesis that AM root colonization contributes to some extent to salt resistance of tomato plants.

after a breef survey over the culutre of Hallstatt, I descibe the city of Hallstatt in Austria, with it´s mines and graves. I describe some of the wars in the area, the scythians, the greek and rom. I desribe some uses of all the salt including mumies. i assume that war needs much salt, because all warriers uses leather, and I give sopme exampels of this, romans, vikings. / <p>Är en arkeologisk uppsats</p>

Five cation exchange membranes and four anion exchange membranes were tested in a three-compartment, two-membrane, electrolysis salt-splitting cell for the recycle of sodium sulfate into sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The cell is further examined using DuPont Nafion 324 cation exchange membrane and Sybron Ionac MA-7500 anion exchange membrane to determine the maximum concentration of sodium hydroxide that can be produced by electrolysis salt-splitting as well as to determine the chief source of inefficiency. The discussion includes recommendations for future electrolysis salt-splitting cells and a mathematical model of the cell is created to determine optimum operating conditions.