Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-105). Also available in electronic version.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146 - 153). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

No description available.

Sewage sludge is currently being disposed by spreading it out on fields, an action that recycles important nutrients such as phosphorus, but also leads to heavy metal contamination. With impeding regulation changes, possibly making it harder or impossible to keep current practice, waste water treatment plants are reviewing their options. One solution could be mono-incineration with phosphorus recovery. However, to make the sludge have a heating value high enough to avoid support fuel it needs to be thermally dried, which requires large amounts of heat. Moreover, large investments would have to be made, creating a more complex system than the current one. Industrial symbiosis could be the solution for making it both more economically and environmentally sustainable and possible, as it is possible to utilise waste heat for the drying, and collaborating with a waste incineration company to incinerate the sludge. Setting up an industrial symbiosis exchange is not always simple; knowing who benefits from what, and who should pay for what investment can be complicated. Moreover, it is often assumed that industrial symbiosis exchanges are environmentally sustainable, but it is not always the case. To better understand how costs should be allocated, and how exchanges should look to be both economically and environmentally sustainable, the methods life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC) are suitable to use, as they allow a full view of the system, which can be broken down into different processes. The aim of this study is to see how LCA and LCC can be used on a planned symbiosis project to assess environmental and economical impacts. The results that were found was that using waste heat instead of primary produced heat was not necessarily better, both economically and environmentally in the categories acidification, eutrophication, and global warming potential. If the drying could take place solely during warmer months, through use of storage, then the heat could be produced through waste incineration, creating electricity to sell and replace marginal electricity. There was no clear cut answer to which scenario was better of the thirteen looked at in this study, as different scenarios were better in different categories, which proved the necessity of doing an LCA and a LCC, or similar methods. Moreover, the larger investments were not always the most profitable, even in the best economical scenario, showing the risk of unequal cost distribution. Similarly, the best scenario to avoid global warming potential involved using storage of dried sludge, increasing emissions for the one responsible for the storage, whilst decreasing emissions for incineration substantially. In summary, performing a LCA and a LCC on a planned symbiosis exchange can both show how different choices affect different categories, and help mitigate risks of uneven distribution of both costs and emissions.

No description available.

The desirability of effective control of anaerobic digesters as a means of avoiding imbalance in the microbial population has become clearer and this can be seen from the literature in recent years. A number of published control strategies have been encouragingly successful, however the non-linear and time varying nature of the process generally requires a bespoke, engineered system dependant on the characteristics of the system. The 'cost of knowing' in employing control systems, is generally high. The ideal scenario for operators would be the availability of a generic control system at reasonable cost, which would be applicable to a large group of high rate reactor designs, operating on a limited (but broad) variety of waste streams. The system would be able to control from commissioning through to steady state and should be able to cope with reasonable expected shock loading conditions, albeit perhaps at some degree of sub-optimality. The aim of this work is to develop a control strategy, which will lead in future to this end. Bicarbonate alkalinity (BA) is a key parameter which indicates the buffering capacity of the anaerobic digestion system and which has the potential for helping to maintain a stable system in the face of changing organic and toxic load. This is particularly the case when used in association with other informative on-line parameters such as gas production rate, %CO2 concentration in the gas, TOC, pH and volatile fatty acids. All but the last of these have been investigated using a fluidised bed reactor and the degree to which the anaerobic process is non-linear and time varying has been assessed, as the level of complexity required to represent anaerobic digestion 'well enough' was not clear. Simple linear black box models of low order were investigated, predicting over a limited horizon and relying on current and recent data values to refine the prediction. Independent black box ARX models were identified for gas production rate, % CO 2 , bicarbonate alkalinity and Total Organic Carbon using on-line data from a fluidised bed reactor at varying organic load. Model predictions looked ahead one sample step (30 minutes) and when validated using data obtained in a different time period (separated by 4-8 weeks) gave significant predictions in each case. The non-linear nature of the process was found to have little effect over the operating conditions investigated. Also the variation of the process within 4-8 weeks period was not sufficient to cause the models to predict badly. The performance of three black box models which were parameterised and validated using data collected from the same laboratory scale fluidised bed anaerobic digester, were compared. The models investigated were all ARX (auto regressive with exogenous input) models, the first being a linear single input single output (SISO) model, the second a linear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) model and the third a non-linear neural network based model. The performances of the models were compared and it was found that the SISO model was the least able to predict the changes in the reactor parameters (bicarbonate alkalinity, gas production rate and % CO2 ). The MIMO and neural models both performed reasonably well. Though the neural model was shown to be superior overall to the MIMO model, the simplicity of the latter should be a consideration in choosing between them. A simulation with a horizon approaching 48 hours was performed using this model and showed that the method was not sufficiently accurate for use in situations where pure simulation was required. This thesis includes the use of a two population deterministic model calibrated using data from a fluidised bed reactor operating on a simulated yeast waste, in the development of a Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) strategy. The strategy uses a three term adaption mechanism, which is described in the thesis as a Fast Adaption Trajectory (FAT) strategy, as it was found to be necessary to respond to catastrophic events over short time scales, in order to maintain the viability of the bacterial population. Numerical optimisation in a simulation environment was used to parameterise the controller, and this was done on the basis of only basic design information being available for the reactor which was to be controlled. The controller was tested on a significantly different Expanded Granular Sludge Blanket (EGSB) reactor operated on a sucrose based feed and which did not inform the controller design process beyond basic physical information. Two actuation strategies were explored over several months of operation, using a single on-line bicarbonate alkalinity monitor, which in the event proved to have significant reliability problems. Not withstanding the problems with the alkalinity monitor, which was dominant in determining the success or failure of the control strategy, it was found that the control strategy was able to maintain control during start-up, which was the ambition of this part of the experimentation. Both actuation methodologies showed promise although the variation of loading rate was not adequately tested by the experimentation, which was conducted. The actuation by dosing with bicarbonate proved to be better at maintaining control in the face of repeated and severe perturbations caused by failure in the bicarbonate monitor system. It is believed that the FAT controller is likely to be a transferable technique provided that unmodelled dynamics are not excessively dominant and that the reactor system is comparable to a CSTR design with predominantly soluble waste in the feed.

Submitted by SARA FERNANDES MARTINS null (sfmartins@sabesp.com.br) on 2016-10-27T17:52:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARTINS, S. F. Análise econômica da produção de lodo de esgoto compostado para uso na agricultura..pdf: 5468270 bytes, checksum: 1f4788221e67f542e606190b230822f2 (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O título presente na capa, folha de rosto e ficha catalográfica "ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA PRODUÇÃO DE LODO DE ESGOTO COMPOSTADO PARA USO NA AGRIGULTURA" esta diferente do título que consta na folha de aprovação "ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DA PRODUÇÃO DE LODO DE ESGOTO COMPOSTADO PARA USO NA AGRICULTURA". Por favor, corrija as informações e realize uma nova submissão Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-11-03T17:33:47Z (GMT) / Submitted by SARA FERNANDES MARTINS (mesolta@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-09T16:52:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARTINS, S. F. Análise econômica da produção de lodo de esgoto compostado para uso na agricultura.pdf: 5452439 bytes, checksum: 88989d1552469e2e5b19992cc577b3eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-10T15:30:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_sf_me_jabo.pdf: 5452439 bytes, checksum: 88989d1552469e2e5b19992cc577b3eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T15:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_sf_me_jabo.pdf: 5452439 bytes, checksum: 88989d1552469e2e5b19992cc577b3eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / O objetivo geral deste estudo é avaliar economicamente a produção do lodo de esgoto compostado com e sem material estruturante (ME), na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) “Lageado”, da Sabesp de Botucatu, para fins de uso agrícola. Resultante do processo de tratamento primário e secundário de esgotos, o lodo de esgoto é um resíduo de difícil destinação por diversas razões, como por exemplo, o alto custo de transporte e disposição em aterro sanitário. Esta ETE produz 16 toneladas de lodo por dia, o que gera um custo anual aproximado de R$ 1.466.438,40 em transporte e disposição. Foi estimado o custo anual de produção do lodo de esgoto compostado com ME, com base no processo de produção de um lote de caráter experimental. Para o produto final que não utilizou ME, a estimativa foi elaborada com base no processo atual de secagem e revolvimento de lodo fresco. A análise mostrou que independente do uso do ME, o custo para processamento do lodo é inferior ao custo atual de disposição em aterro, sendo de R$ 96,88 t-1 para o composto com ME e de R$ 63,41 t-1 para o sem ME, frente aos R$ 254,59 t-1 de disposição final. Foram realizadas análises de amostras dos produtos finais para estimar o valor econômico contido através nos nutrientes presentes e ambos apresentaram quantidade satisfatória de nutrientes, além de atender os parâmetros da Resolução CONAMA 375/06 e exigências do Ministério da Agricultura (MAPA). Considerando hipoteticamente que a Companhia pudesse comercializar estes produtos como fertilizantes, com base nos valores médios pagos pela agricultura, o composto com ME geraria uma receita de R$ 270.467,12 e o produto sem ME de R$ 39.653,28. Os processos de compostagem e de revolvimento do lodo seco representam 38% e 27% do custo para disposição em aterro, respectivamente. Esta análise mostrou que qualquer um dos processos adotados será economicamente mais viável do que o custo de disposição em aterro. Os resultados fornecem uma direção para tomadas de decisões quanto a parcerias para fornecimento de ME, adequações para redução do custo de movimentação interna do lodo, possibilidade de registro e distribuição do composto final e determinação da distância ótima para distribuição do lodo seco ou composto. / The aim of this study is to economically evaluate the production of composted sewage sludge with and without structural materials (SM), at the SABESP´s (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of Sao Paulo) Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) "Lageado" in Botucatu, for agricultural use purpose. As a result of the process of primary and secondary treatment of sewage, the sewage sludge has a difficult end disposal for several reasons, such as the high cost of transportation and disposal in landfill. This STP produces 16 tons of sludge per day, which generates an approximate annual cost of R$ 1,466,438.40 in transportation and disposal. This study estimated the annual cost to produce the composted sewage sludge with SM, based on the production process of a experimental lot. For the final product that was not added the SM, the estimated cost was developed based on the current process of drying and revolving fresh sewage sludge. The analysis showed that regardless using SM or not, the cost per ton for processing the sewage sludge is lower than the current cost of disposal in landfills, representing R$ 96,88 t-1 for the compound with SM and R$ 63,41 t-1 without SM, compared to the R$ 254,59 t-1 cost for final disposal. Analyzes of the final products samples were performed to estimate the economic value of the present nutrients and both were satisfactory due to the amount of nutrients, in addition to comply with the parameters from the CONAMA Resolution nº375/06 and requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture (MA). Considering the hypothesis that the company could market these products as fertilizers, and based on the price paid by agriculture, the compound with SM would generate an income of R$ 270.467,12 and the one without SM R$ 39.653,28. The composting process and the drying and revolving sewage sludge process represent, respectively, 38% and 27% of the cost for disposal in landfill. This analysis shows that any of the processes taken will be more viable economically, than the cost of disposal in landfill. The results allow a link to decision-making about finding partnerships to supply the SM, adjustments to reduce the internal cost of sewage sludge transfer, the possibility of registering and distribution of the final compound and determining the optimum distance to distribut the dry or composted sewage sludge.

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No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dare_d_me_araiq_parcial.pdf: 1084104 bytes, checksum: 94d24f977a25928697dd7e3983cd58bc (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-03T16:24:33Z: dare_d_me_araiq_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-03T16:27:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 dare_d_me_araiq_parcial.pdf.txt: 50989 bytes, checksum: 59d01eea3a1cb68242484dce445c1d70 (MD5) 000718986.pdf: 3623967 bytes, checksum: 1a5bc694099e02825cf23b2513ecd0f6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-03T16:33:10Z: 000718986.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-03T16:43:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 dare_d_me_araiq_parcial.pdf.txt: 50989 bytes, checksum: 59d01eea3a1cb68242484dce445c1d70 (MD5) 000718986.pdf: 3623967 bytes, checksum: 1a5bc694099e02825cf23b2513ecd0f6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-03T16:48:50Z: 000718986.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-03T16:49:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000718986.pdf: 3623967 bytes, checksum: 1a5bc694099e02825cf23b2513ecd0f6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-27T11:46:59Z: 000718986.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-27T11:48:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000718986.pdf: 3623967 bytes, checksum: 1a5bc694099e02825cf23b2513ecd0f6 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-27T13:20:32Z: 000718986.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-27T13:21:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000718986.pdf: 3601693 bytes, checksum: a1d7686e4bcd79afb4ce00bd5d120359 (MD5) / Com a crescente preocupação em preservação do meio ambiente e qualidade de vida da população, observa-se um aumento de 95% na quantidade de esgoto tratado no Brasil entre 2000 e 2008. Entretanto, tal evento acarreta na geração de um resíduo denominado lodo de esgoto que é geralmente disposto em aterros sanitários licenciados para este fim. A problemática atual é o fato de que tais aterros já não comportam mais tanto lodo, e é necessária uma alternativa viável de descarte desse resíduo. Para tanto, torna-se imprescindível a caracterização química e comportamento térmico do lodo de esgoto para futuros estudos de reaproveitamento e alocação. Neste estudo, apresentam-se a caracterização química e estudo de decomposição térmica dos lodos das estações de tratamento das cidades de Jaú e São Carlos, ambas no estado de São Paulo. As amostras foram coletadas e tratadas de acordo com cada técnica de análise. O lodo de Jáu apresentou 70% de sua massa de matéria orgânica, enquanto que o lodo de São Carlos apresentou 55%, segundo a análise termogravimétrica. A presença de matéria orgânica nos lodos foi confirmada através das técnicas de demanda química de oxigênio, difratometria de Raios-X e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. Houve diferença no tamanho de partículas dos lodos, enquanto Jaú apresentou partículas maiores, com cerca de 860nm, São Carlos possui partículas em torno de 310nm. A partir da análise de espectroscopia de absorção atômica, obteve-se a concentração de metais nos lodos e observou-se que esta encontra-se dentro do limite máximo permitido pela legislação vigente no Brasil para reuso como fertilizante agrícola, de acordo somente com este parâmetro. Entretanto, a análise de compostos orgânicos através da cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de... / With the growing concern for environmental preservation and quality of life, there is increase of 95% in the amount of treated sewage in Brazil between 2000 and 2008. However, it leads in the generation of a residue named sewage sludge which is generally disposed in sanitary landfills licensed to this application. The current problem is the fact of such landfills no longer can storage much more sludge, and it is required a viable alternative for disposal of this waste. Therefore, chemical characterization and thermal behavior of sewage sludge becomes essential for posterior reuse studies and storage. This study presents the chemical characterization and study of thermal decomposition of sewage sludge from treatment plants of the cities of São Carlos and Jaú, both in the São Paulo state. The samples were collected and handled according to each analysis technique requirements. The amount of organic matter, in mass fraction, in the sludge of Jau was 70%, while the sludge of São Carlos was 55%, according to the thermal analysis. The presence of organic matter in the sludge was confirmed by the techniques of chemical oxygen demand, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The size of the sludge particles of Jaú was around 860nm, while the sludge of São Carlos was around 310nm. The analysis of atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that the concentrations of metals in the sludge samples were according the Brazilian law for reuse as agricultural fertilizer, according only to this parameter. However, the analysis of organic compounds by gas chromatography mass spectrometry indicated the presence of numerous compounds which are not cited in the law and are potentially harmful to the environment. The kinetic evaluation showed the effect of kinetics compensation on the reaction of degradation of organic matter... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Os lodos provenientes de estação de tratamento de água brasileira são, frequentemente, dispostos e lançados diretamente nos corpos d\'água, causando um impacto negativo no meio ambiente. Também, cinzas de carvão são produzidas pela queima de carvão em usinas termelétricas e é o resíduo sólido industrial mais gerado no sul do Brasil: cerca de 4 milhões ton/ano. A disposição eficiente das cinzas de carvão é um problema devido ao seu volume maciço e aos riscos nocivos para o ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade da incorporação desses dois resíduos industriais em uma massa utilizada na fabricação de tijolos ecológicos. As amostras de cinzas leve do filtro ciclone da usina termelétrica localizada no Município de Figueira, Estado do Paraná, Brasil e o lodo de estação de tratamento de água localizada no município de Terra Preta, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram utilizados no estudo. Tijolos de cinzas leve-lodo e cinzas leve-lodo-solo-cimento foram moldados e testados de acordo com padrões brasileiros. Os materiais foram caracterizados por análises físico-químicas, difração de raios X, análise térmica, análise morfológica, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e análise granulométrica. Os resultados indicaram que o lodo de estação de tratamento de água e as cinzas de carvão podem ser usados na manufatura de tijolos prensados solo-cimento de acordo com a Norma Brasileira NBR 10836/94. / Sludge from treatment water Brazilian plant station are, frequently, disposed and launched directly in the water bodies, causing a negative impact in the environment. Also, coal ashes is produced by burning of coal in coal-fired power stations and is the industrial solid waste most generated in southern Brazil: approximately 4 million tons/y. The efficient disposal of coal ashes is an issue due to its massive volume and harmful risks to the environment. The aim of this work was study the feasibility of incorporating these two industrial wastes in a mass used in the manufacture of ecological bricks. Samples of fly ashes from a cyclone filter from a coal-fired power plant located at Figueira County in Paraná State, Brazil and waterworks sludge of Terra Preta County in São Paulo State, Brazil, were used in the study. Fly ash-sludge and fly ash-sludge-soil-cement bricks were molded and tested, according to the Brazilians Standards. The materials were characterized by physical-chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, morphological analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and granulometric analysis. The results indicate that the waterworks sludge and coal ashes have potential to be used on manufacturing soil-cement pressed bricks according to the of Brazilians Standards NBR 10836/94.

Orientador: Adriano Luiz Tonetti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manfio_DeniseVazquez_M.pdf: 2805484 bytes, checksum: 374139de08b3238bfbe4a44bf8b51f46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O gerenciamento do lodo de tanque séptico é uma atividade complexa, de alto custo e pode promover impactos ambientais negativos caso seja mal executada, sendo que a etapa mais crítica é a de desaguamento. O leito de secagem é uma das principais técnicas, mas demanda grandes áreas e muito tempo para remoção da torta seca. A modificação destes leitos, utilizando pavimentos permeáveis e polímeros podem diminuir o tempo e área deste leito. O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a eficiência de desaguamento da porção de água livre contida no lodo de tanque séptico com o emprego de leito de secagem convencional e leito de secagem composto por pavimento permeável e avaliar a eficiência da utilização de polímeros naturais oriundos da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), moringa (Moringa oleifera) e quiabo (Abelmoschus esculentus) como auxiliares do processo. A avaliação foi realizada em escala de bancada. Somente o polímero sintético mostrou-se eficiente no condicionamento do lodo. O lodo não condicionado desaguou nos sistemas: pavimento permeável e pavimento permeável e areia, convencional: 611, 620 e 547 mL em média e no lodo condicionado: 1464, 1434 e 1214 mL, respectivamente. Os teores de sólidos da torta seca do lodo sem polímero foram de 24,08, 26,67 e 29,92% para os sistemas: pavimento permeável e pavimento permeável e areia e convencional respectivamente e, no lodo com polímero foram de 23,95, 25,19 e 28,59%. O tempo médio de desaguamento do lodo sem condicionamento foi de 35 dias, enquanto que no lodo condicionado foi de 6 dias. Estes resultados apontam que as tortas secas obtiveram resultados próximos entre si, porém o lodo com adição de polímero teve maior volume desaguado e menor duração. Os leitos alternativos produziram lodos com umidade semelhante ao leito convencional em menor tempo, podendo otimizar o desaguamento do lodo em Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto / Abstract: The slugde management is a complex and high cost activity. It can promove negatives impacts if it is poorly executed, and the most critical step is the dewatering. The drying bed is one of the principal techniques, but it demands big areas and a long periods for the sludge cake removal. The drying beds change can decrease the time and the area of them, if using permeable paving and polymers,. The objective of this work was to compare the efficiency of two techniques to dewatering the bulk water portion inside the septic tank sludge. It was compared the conventional drying bed and the drying bed made of permeable paving. It was also evaluate the efficiency of naturals polymers from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), moringa (Moringa oleifera) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as auxiliaries in the process. The evaluation was performanced in bench scale. The main results showed that only the synthetic polymer was efficient in sludge conditioning. The unconditioned sludge dewatered from the systems: permeable paving, permeable paving plus sand and conventional: 611, 620 and 547 mL on average and for conditioned sludge: 1464, 1434 and 1214 mL, respectively. The dry solids cake in unconditioned sludge was 24,08, 26,67 and 29,92% and in conditioned sludge was 23,95, 25,19 and 28,59% for systems: permeable paving, permeable paving plus sand and conventional, respectively. The average time for dewatering sludge without conditioning was 35 days, whereas in sludge conditioning was 6 days. These results show that the dry solids cake obtained similar results, however the conditioned sludge had higher volume dewatered and shorter time duration. The alternative drying beds produced sludges with suchlike dry solids results dry solids as compared to conventional drying bed in a shorter time, it may optimize sludge dewatering in Waste Water Treatment Plants / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil