In order to prepare for the future, at least some people might spend time imagining how a target person's future behavior could impede the achievement of their goals. These imaginings represent no truly new information about the target person, as they are self-generated. However, if people misattribute the increased cognitive accessibility of the target's negative behavior to a meaningful source of information, the imaginings could still have the power to impact impressions of the target. Across 3 studies, I tested the hypothesis that imagining a future scenario in which a target had the potential to behave badly would negatively impact participants' impressions of the target, an effect that would be moderated by the imaginer's locus of control orientation and that might grow stronger after enough time elapsed for source confusion to take place. Specifically, I tested the prediction that externally-oriented people would increase the negativity of their target judgments after such imaginings, but internally-oriented people would experience either no change or a positive change in their target judgments. In Study 1, as predicted, imagining a hypothetical future scenario had a negative impact on target judgments that was moderated by locus of control. In Study 2, as predicted, anticipating a real future interaction with a disagreeable confederate had a negative impact on confederate judgments that was moderated by locus of control, even after the real situation was resolved favorably. In both studies, effects persisted one week later in a small follow-up sample but did not grow stronger. Study 3 included an additional control condition to test the hypothesis that future imaginings would produce an impact above and beyond merely recruiting memories of somebody's real past bad behaviors. However, Study 3 failed to replicate the findings from Studies 1 and 2. Implications of these mixed results are discussed. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2015. / November 9, 2015. / imagination inflation, locus of control, social judgment / Includes bibliographical references. / Elizabeth A. Plant, Professor Directing Dissertation; Pamela L. Perrewe, University Representative; James K. McNulty, Committee Member; Colleen M. Kelley, Committee Member; Walter R. Boot, Committee Member.

Over the last 30 years, Terror Management Theory (TMT) has been applied in over 500 studies. However, the bulk of literature in TMT remains from Western countries, where death may not take as an explicit role in one’s life as it does in other areas prone to high death exposure. The purpose of this study stems from a need to explore the impact of death on outgroup prejudice in Lebanon, where 18 sects divide and pit citizens against one another not just through physical conflict but also through inflammatory media rhetoric. Taking TMT as a theoretical basis, the research proposed a mixed methodological application, and advanced three hypotheses and one research question. In Study 1, 105 Lebanese undergraduate students were recruited across the country for a quasi-experiment mimicking TMT’s traditional protocol. Data showed that participants were more likely to get news from the outlet that reinforced their religious worldview, especially when they identify with it. However, threat to one’s ingroup manipulated through a terrorism news story – did not predict sectarianism nor did the mortality salience induction method. Independently, proximity to the attack and sect partially explain outgroup prejudice. In Study 2, ten in-depth interviews were conducted between December and January 2018, yielding four a priori themes. The results suggest that in high death exposure areas, such as in Lebanon, TMT’s protocol may not be the adequate method to understand outgroup prejudice. This may be due to death desensitization. / A Thesis submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Spring Semester 2018. / April 9, 2018. / experiment, in-depth interviews, Lebanon, mortality salience, terrorism news, terror management theory / Includes bibliographical references. / Patrick F. Merle, Professor Directing Thesis; Laura Arpan, Committee Member; Arthur A. Raney, Committee Member.

Yuk-Fai Au. / Running title: Group process control effects. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 45-50. / Acknow1edgements --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.3 / Introduction --- p.4 / Method --- p.15 / Results --- p.23 / Discussion --- p.35 / References --- p.45 / Tables --- p.51 / Footnotes --- p.57 / Figure --- p.58 / Appendices --- p.59

<p> The phenomenon of workplace bullying and sexual harassment amongst first responders for the purpose of this study involves a thorough, comprehensive review of the literature. This examination demonstrates the effects workplace bullying, and sexual harassment has across Emergency Service Organizations [ESOs] and the impact on targets as being severe and pervasive, with negative consequences for the targets and the organizations in which they work. During the exploration of this work, 305 articles were reviewed and then screened through Hermeneutic research methods to net 209 studies in the results. Core themes that emerged support that the phenomenon has severe implications for the psychological health of targets, organizational culture implications and public safety outcomes that are serious, pervasive and have negative consequences for individuals, the organization and the public. Data in this study show that factors that influence workplace bullying and sexual harassment include organizational culture (acceptable) and a &ldquo;rite of passage&rdquo; which creates a groupthink mentality that normalizes and creates a toxic culture ripe for incivility within emergency service organizations. The impact on targets includes severe psychological harm and the depletion of psychological resource that has long-lasting negative mental health implications. Also, data shows that there are public safety implications for workplace bullying, and sexual harassment as targets experience an erosion of professional competence and burnout that can lead to catastrophic consequences regarding critical incidents with clients.</p><p>

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<p> As global frontiers of innovation, countries leading the way in entrepreneurship are responsible for forging a new understanding of the role of business in society, one that considers the impact of cultural values on driving and maintaining dynamic forms of economic growth. This thesis will examine the role cultural factors play in creating a flourishing entrepreneurial environment and how they define the relationship between business and society while influencing expectations of social responsibility. It also explores whether certain social environments are more conducive to entrepreneurship, and as such what role entrepreneurs play in those societies to encourage economic development and innovation. Utilizing data obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the research of Geert Hofstede, traits associated with traditional entrepreneurship theory will be aligned with corresponding cultural dimensions. Traits associated with social responsibility will then be connected to their corresponding dimensions to determine their impact on new business activity, and to demonstrate that these countries may be more predisposed to practice stakeholder management. The case study will also include an examination of Hungary and what the research findings mean for countries with cultural dimensions reflecting traditional entrepreneurship theory rather than stakeholder theory, and provide recommendations as to how each cultural dimension can be adapted to improve stakeholder engagement with actors in both government and society. The thesis will demonstrate that today&rsquo;s entrepreneurs are driven as much by the desire for affiliation as they are by the need for achievement, and undertaking an effective stakeholder strategy is the best way to fulfill that affiliation, thereby improving the entrepreneurial environment, encouraging innovation, and creating a strategy for entrepreneurs to be socially responsible. </p><p>

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This study tests the construct validity of the Experienced Self and Other Scale (E-SOS), which is a self report measure that assesses the experience of one's self in relation to others. Statistical analyses were conducted using Exploratory factor analysis with an orthogonal rotation, and Confirmatory factor Analysis. The internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each subscale from the factor analysis. Bivariate correlations, as well as multiple linear regression analyses, were used to assess the relationship between the E-SOS and other measures. Three hundred and twenty-seven subjects completed the E-SOS. The factor analysis resulted in a five-factor structure explaining 49.02% of the total variance and with a high internal reliability. While results indicated no relationship between the E-SOS and Psychological Mindedness Scale, the E-SOS subscales were significantly correlated with the corresponded NEO-FFI factors, as well as with the RSQ factors. Preliminary analyses suggest a promising future for the E-SOS as an approach to measuring one experience of self.

This dissertation is about prejudice. In particular, it examines the theoretical and ethical questions raised by research on implicit social biases. Social biases are termed "implicit" when they are not reported, though they lie just beneath the surface of consciousness. Such biases are easy to adopt but very difficult to introspect and control. Despite this difficulty, I argue that we are personally responsible for our biases and obligated to overcome them if they can bring harm to ourselves or to others. My dissertation addresses the terms of their removal. It is grounded in a comprehensive examination of empirical research and, as such, is a contribution to social psychology. Although implicit social biases significantly influence our judgment and action, they are not reducible to beliefs or desires. Rather, they constitute a class of their own. Understanding their particular character is vital to determining how to replace them with more preferable habits of mind. I argue for a model of interpersonal fluency, a kind of ethical expertise that requires transforming our underlying dispositions of thought, feeling, and action.

The dissertation develops and tests a new theory to explain intergroup cooperation and outgroup discrimination. The theoretical part specifies under what conditions ethnic differences undermine public goods provision and exacerbate ethnic discrimination. It posits that people cooperate more with and discriminate less against the groups expected to reciprocate cooperative behavior. Conditional cooperators rationally update their group stereotypes based on their experience with the groups' individual members. This change in turn reduces prejudice and discrimination. I tested observable implications of the model on a representative sample of more than 400 slum-dwellers in Mumbai. The field research in India combined laboratory experiments, an original survey, and interviews. Once I manipulated expectations of reciprocity, ethnically heterogeneous groups produced as much public goods as the homogeneous ones. The experimental treatment also radically increased trust and reduced ethnic discrimination of the generally mistrusted Muslim minority. The survey analysis compared the real-life effect of reciprocity with prominent alternative explanations from the literature. Compared to other factors, positive reciprocity provides a powerful explanation of why people choose to discriminate against some, but not other ethnic groups. The cross-national chapter of the dissertation extends the analysis beyond India. Using surveys from 87 countries, it shows that generalized trust moderates the negative effect of ethnic diversity on people's willingness to contribute to public goods.