Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine whether self-esteem can be affected by unemployment and whether social support, self efficacy and perceived control have any effects on self-esteem during unemployment.   Method: The study was of a quantitative and descriptive character and a convenience sample was used. Questionnaires were distributed to 64 unemployed males and females at a job-centre inEast Midland,England. The questionnaire consisted of 12 questions about the participant’s age, gender, education, length of unemployment, social support (meaning emotional support and help from friends and family), coping (meaning a person’s ability to handle a stressful and emotionally demanding situation).Rosenberg's self-esteem scale was also added into the questionnaire and the results were then analyzed by using a Likert scale.   Results: The results showed, that the majority of the unemployed scored 30 or higher on the self-esteem scale which indicates a low self-esteem according toRosenberg's self-esteem scale. Regarding social support from friends during job loss or unemployment, the majority of the unemployed with a low self-esteem, felt they didn't have social support from friends during unemployment. A small part of the unemployed who had high self-esteem, felt they had social support from friends during unemployment.   Discussion: Self-esteem is complex, and it was difficult to generalize the results in this study. However, it seems that social support, self efficacy and coping were important aspects regarding self-esteem.

The study has investigated the loneliness facts influencing the foreign workers in Taiwan, and has discovered the relationship between loneliness and the mediating effects of social support by demographic variables. The target of the study were foreign workers who had came from Thailand, Vietname, and the Philippines. The questionnaires were collected by a hospital and there were 725 valid returns within 35.55% married samples and 64.45% single samples. Using hierarchical regression and path analysis to test the mediating effects of social support, the findings are: 1. work support and health care support were mediating effective for loneliness; 2. native country contact support have direct effects, but the most significant effect was by group support. Regarding the implementation of foreign worker management, it can enforce the already lacking work and health care support of the foreign workers might reduce the negative effect of loneliness, and thus improves the heart, mind and healthy of these workers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 331-353). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

No description available.

This work analyzes the peculiarities of social support rendering for problem families, raising children. Problem families outlive changes painfully and appear in difficult situations; therefore their abilities to successfully take care of themselves and their children weaken. This work is relevant because it discusses the possibilities to make the system of social support rendering for problem families more efficient and more socially secure. The aim of the research is to analyze the structure of social support system, examine the peculiarities of rendering the support for problem families, raising children. The objectives of the research were to discuss the concept of problem family and their living peculiarities; analyze laws of the Republic of Lithuania and other law acts, regulating social support for problem families, raising children; find out the peculiarities and structural parts of social support for problem families in Trakai municipality; find out the problem families social support needs in Trakai region and distinguish kinds of support rendering. The aim of the research was to find out social support rendering arrangement for problem families, raising children in Trakai municipality. During individual interview it was aimed to learn the attitude of experts – law and other juridical act projects and proposals organizers, towards social service rendering for problem families, raising children tendencies in Lithuania. The experts were 4 Parliament members, working... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of parents of children with autism during the transition from preschool to school within an Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention (EIBI) program. Qualitative interviews within grounded theory framework were conducted to gain a better understanding about parents’ perceptions of the social supports they received during the transition period. Data collection involved semi-structural interviews with six families whose children completed EIBI program at St.Amant and were enrolled in school. Due to the small sample size, a metasynthesis of five qualitative studies about the transition experiences of families with children with autism was added. This metasynthesis provided additional information to the data collected from interviews in order to strengthen the trustworthiness of the current study. All data collected from the interviews were coded, categorized and analysed using a constant comparative method. Findings from both data collection components emphasize the importance of parents’ involvement in the transition process and suggest that an effective partnership between the home, the EIBI program and the school is a significant factor to a successful transition. The findings also highlight the need for strategic planning of the transition process that is family-focused and involves an active role of a facilitator, who can offer practical guidance and support to children and their families. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chronic pain is a health problem that impacts at least 10% of the world population. Social support has beneficial effects for those who have chronic pain. Social support can be emotional, where a supporter is present, validating, and assuring; or instrumental, where a supporter provides services to address an imbalance in needs. Despite the benefits of social support, relatively little attention has been given to willingness to provide support to people with pain during transition to adulthood. The current study explored gender differences and the role of attitudes towards emotional expression in young adults’ willingness to provide emotional and instrumental support to a virtual human peer with pain. Participants (N=234, mean age=20) viewed videos/vignettes of a male or female peer with pain and responded to questions about willingness to provide support and attitudes towards emotional expression. Female participants were more willing to provide support than male participants, F(1,218) = 27.37, p < 0.01, and participants were more willing to provide emotional support compared to instrumental support, F(1,218) = 6.72, p = 0.01. Attitudes towards emotional expression mediated the relationship between participant gender and emotional and instrumental support (total indirect effect = 0.05; 95% CI [.01-.12]; total indirect effect = 0.05; 95% CI [.01-.12]). There was not an interaction between participant and peer gender for emotional, P = 0.26, or instrumental, P = 0.47, support. The results suggest that women are more willing to provide emotional and instrumental support and that fewer negative attitudes about emotional expression help explain the relationship. The findings also suggest that the gender of the peer does not impact willingness to provide support.

Studies support the assumption that social connection and support are essential to adequately cope with a life-threatening illness. This exploratory study surveyed a small sample of cancer patients to ask them what they needed at the time of their initial diagnosis and what reactions to their illness that they perceived in others. The ability to clearly identify needs and reactions was deemed as important as the content of their responses. This study supports the premise that when asked cancer patients can identify their own needs and are clearly aware of others' reactions to their illness.

BACKGROUND: We wanted to determine whether an intervention to enhance partner support helps as an adjunct to a smoking cessation program. METHODS: We undertook a meta-analysis of English-language, randomized controlled trials of smoking cessation interventions through July 2002 using the following data sources: Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized register, Cochrane controlled trials register, CDC Tobacco Information and Prevention Database, MEDLINE, Cancer Lit, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, PsycLIT, Dissertation Abstracts, SSCI and HealthSTAR, with reviews of bibliographies of included articles. Included were trials that assessed a partner support component with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The outcomes measured were abstinence and biochemical assessment at 6 to 9 months and more than 12 months after treatment. Partner Interaction Questionnaire scores were primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Nine studies (31 articles) met inclusion criteria. Partner definition varied among studies. All studies included self-reported smoking cessation rates, but there was limited biochemical validation of abstinence. For self-reported abstinence at 6 to 9 months after treatment, the Peto odds ratio (OR) = 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-1.44) and at 12 months Peto OR = 1.0 (95% CI, 0.75-1.34). Sensitivity analysis of studies using live-in, married, and equivalent-to-married partners found a higher odds ratio at 6 to 9 months after treatment, Peto OR = 1.64 (95% CI, 0.5-4.64). Sensitivity analysis of studies reporting significant increases in partner support found at 6 to 9 months after treatment Peto OR = 1.83 (95% CI, 0.9-3.47); and at 12 months Peto OR = 1.22 (95% CI, 0.67-2.23). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to enhance partner support showed the most promise for clinical practice when implemented with live-in, married, and equivalent-to-married partners. Such interventions should focus on enhancing supportive behaviors, while minimizing behaviors critical of smoking.