Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) have become a key component of the postconflict peacebuilding orthodoxy. Therefore, this study evaluates the efficacy of Amnesty, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (ADDR) in conflict prevention and resolution using the 2009 Niger Delta ADDR programme as a case study. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the programme using the minimalist and maximalist framework advanced in the DDR literature. The key findings and conclusions of the Study were that a minimalist DDR would only achieve security stabilisation and return excombatants to the status quo- ante society with all the pre-conflict grievances unaddressed thereby bequeathing a high potential of relapse to violence. Furthermore, for DDR to be an effective conflict prevention and resolution mechanism and postconflict peacebuilding force, its conceptualisation, design and implementation must be maximalist in nature with a transformative agenda that aims to address the roots causes of violence.

No description available.

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) have become a key component of the postconflict peacebuilding orthodoxy. Therefore, this study evaluates the efficacy of Amnesty, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (ADDR) in conflict prevention and resolution using the 2009 Niger Delta ADDR programme as a case study. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the programme using the minimalist and maximalist framework advanced in the DDR literature. The key findings and conclusions of the Study were that a minimalist DDR would only achieve security stabilisation and return excombatants to the status quo- ante society with all the pre-conflict grievances unaddressed thereby bequeathing a high potential of relapse to violence. Furthermore, for DDR to be an effective conflict prevention and resolution mechanism and postconflict peacebuilding force, its conceptualisation, design and implementation must be maximalist in nature with a transformative agenda that aims to address the roots causes of violence.

No description available.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar o papel da Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (FBN) na internacionalização da literatura brasileira, diversificando e ampliando a representatividade de nossos autores e obras nos mais diversos centros literários, bem como expandindo os cânones da literatura brasileira no exterior. O escopo do estudo abrange desde a atuação do órgão no sentido de difundir a literatura brasileira ao redor do mundo até o conjunto de autores favorecidos pelo programa de bolsas de tradução da instituição. O arcabouço teórico contempla a teoria dos polissistemas formulada por Itamar Even-Zohar (1990, 1997 e 2005), os conceitos de reescrita e patronagem de André Lefevere (1992) e a vertente sociológica dos Estudos da Tradução representada por autores como Pascale Casanova (2002 e 2010), Johann Heilbron (2007 e 2010) e Gisèle Sapiro (2007, 2008 e 2014). A análise realizada corrobora a importância da patronagem da literatura brasileira exercida pela Fundação Biblioteca Nacional para reduzir a assimetria das forças existentes no espaço literário internacional, desfavoráveis à literatura produzida no Brasil. / [en] This thesis aims to investigate the role of the National Library of Brazil (FBN) in the internationalization of the Brazilian literature by diversifying and enlarging the representativeness of our writers and literary works in the various literary centers as well as by expanding the canons of the Brazilian literature abroad. The scope of the study ranges from the FBN s work to disseminate the Brazilian literature around the world to the group of authors favored by the institution s translation grant program. The theoretical framework covers Itamar Even-Zohar s polysystem theory (1990, 1997, 2005), the concepts of rewriting and patronage devised by André Lefevere (1992), and the sociologically-oriented approaches to translation developed by authors such as Pascale Casanova (2002, 2010), Johann Heilbron (2007, 2010) and Gisèle Sapiro (2007, 2008, 2014). The analysis carried out corroborates the importance of the patronage of the Brazilian literature by the National Library of Brazil to reduce the asymmetry of the forces existing in the international literary space, unfavorable to the literature produced in Brazil.

Post-war sculpture created by members of the Royal Academy of Arts was seemingly marginalised by Keynesian state patronage which privileged a new generation of avant-garde sculptors. This thesis considers whether selected Academicians (Siegfried Charoux, Frank Dobson, Maurice Lambert, Alfred Machin, John Skeaping and Charles Wheeler) variously engaged with pedagogy, community, exhibition practice and sculpture for the state, to access ascendant state patronage. Chapter One, The Post-war Expansion of State Patronage , investigates the existing and shifting parameters of patronage of the visual arts and specifically analyses how this was manifest through innovative temporary sculpture exhibitions. Chapter Two, The Royal Academy Sculpture School , examines the reasons why the Academicians maintained a conventional fine arts programme of study, in contrast to that of industrial design imposed by Government upon state art institutions for reasons of economic contribution. This chapter also analyses the role of the art-Master including the influence of émigré teachers, prospects for women sculpture students and the post-war scarcity of resources which inspired the use of new materials and techniques. Chapter Three, The Royal Academy as Community , traces the socialisation of London-based art societies whose memberships helped to identify sculptors for potential election to the Royal Academy; it then considers the gifting of elected Academicians Diploma Works. The empirical mapping of sponsorship for elected sculptors is investigated to determine how the organic profile of the Royal Academy s membership began to accommodate more modern sculptors and identifies a petition for change which may have influenced Munnings s speech (1949). Chapter Four, The Royal Academy Summer Exhibitions , explores the preparatory rituals of the Selection and Hanging Committees, processes for the selection of amateurs works, exhibit genres and critical reception. Moreover it contrasts the Summer Exhibitions with the Arts Council s Sculpture in the Home exhibition series to identify potential duplications. Chapter Five, Sculpture for the State , considers three diverse conduits facilitating the acquisition of sculpture for the state: The Chantrey Collection administered by the Royal Academy and exhibited at the Tate Gallery; the commissioning of Charles Wheeler s Earth and Water (1951 1953) for the new Ministry of Defence, London; and the selection of Siegfried Charoux s The Neighbours (1959) for London County Council s Patronage of the Arts Scheme . For these sculptures, complex expressions of Britishness are considered. In summary this thesis argues that unfettered by their allegiance to the Royal Academy of Arts its sculptors sought ways in which they might participate in the unprecedented opportunities that an expanded model of state patronage presented.