No description available.

No description available.

A caracterização no estado sólido de insumos farmacêuticos constitui uma parte muito importante no entendimento de suas propriedades físicas, químicas e farmacológicas. A partir da análise estrutural por difração de raios X em monocristal, pode-se identificar a conformação no estado sólido do fármaco, assim como sua densidade eletrônica. Estes estudos podem ser complementados com dados provenientes da Modelagem Molecular, que compreende um número de ferramentas e métodos computacionais e teóricos que têm como objetivos compreender e prever o comportamento de sistemas reais. Nesse contexto, visando compreender melhor as propriedades de estado sólido apresentadas pelo fármaco anti-filariose dietilcarbamazina (DEC), foi obtido um novo sal, o maleato de dietilcarbamazina (DEC maleato), cujas propriedades foram comparadas com as das estruturas já reportadas, DEC citrato e DEC pura. A DEC maleato foi caracterizada por difração de raios X em monocristal, espectroscopias Raman e Infravermelho e análise térmica. A DEC maleato cristaliza no grupo espacial triclínico PI com dois confôrmeros da molécula de DEC na unidade assimétrica, ambos exibindo caudas etílicas na conformação syn em relação ao anel piperazina, diferentemente do que ocorre na DEC citrato e na DEC pura, nas quais esses fragmentos moleculares apresentam uma conformação anti. A principal interação intermolecular entre o fármaco e o ácido maleico é do tipo N-H•••O, que caracteriza a formação do sal e, consequentemente, do par iônico (DEC)+(maleato)-. Além disso, uma rede complexa de interações intermoleculares não-clássicas do tipo C-H•••O estão presentes entre as moléculas de DEC, DEC-maleato e maleato-maleato, levando a um empacotamento cristalino na forma de um sanduíche, onde os confôrmeros da DEC acomodam-se em colunas intercaladas por bicamadas de íons maleato. Não foram observadas transições de fase estruturais em função da temperatura entre 100 K e temperatura ambiente. No entanto, devido à variação conformacional observada entre as moléculas de DEC, cálculos quânticos foram realizados na fase gasosa, otimizando as conformações moleculares tanto da molécula de DEC neutra quanto da carregada a fim de determinar as características de sua estrutura eletrônica utilizando o método da Teoria do Funcional de Densidade, com o funcional híbrido B3LYP e o conjunto de função de base 6-31++G. Através dos cálculos teóricos foram obtidas quatro novas conformações, uma para DEC neutra e três da carregada, para as quais analisou-se as energias de conformação, os espectros vibracionais simulados e por fim os mapas de potencial eletrostático e os orbitais de fronteira. / The solid state characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) constitutes an important part in understanding their physical, chemical and pharmacological properties. From the structural analysis by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the API conformation in the solid form, as well as its electronic density, can be identified. These studies can be supplemented with data from the Molecular Modeling, which includes a number of theoretical and computational tools used to understand and to predict the behavior in real systems. In this context, aiming to better comprehend the solid state properties exhibited by the anti-filarial drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC), a new salt was obtained, the diethylcarbamazine maleate (DEC maleate), and its properties were compared with the ones of the reported structures, DEC citrate and pure DEC. The DEC maleate was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis. DEC maleate was found to crystallize in the triclinic space group PI with two very similar conformers of the DEC molecule in the asymmetric unit, both exhibiting the ethylic chains in conformation syn in relation to the piperazine ring, unlike what happens to DEC citrate and pure DEC, where these chains are anti related. The main intermolecular interaction between the API and the maleic acid is of the type NH•••O, characterizing the salt formation, and thus, the ionic pair (DEC)+(maleate)-. Moreover, a complex network of no-classical intermolecular interactions of the type CH•••O occur between DEC-DEC, DEC-maleate, and maleate-maleate molecules, leading to a sandwich like crystal packing, where DEC conformers are accommodated in columns intercalated by maleates bilayers. No phase transitions were observed for the molecule structure in function of temperature between 100 K and room temperature. However, due conformational variations observed among DEC molecules of the three structures, quantum calculations were performed in the gas phase, optimizing the molecular conformations of both, the neutral and the charged DEC molecules to determine the characteristics of the electronic structure using the method of Density Functional Theory with the B3LYP hybrid functional and basis set 6-31++G. new conformations it were found, for which geometrical characteristics, conformation energies, vibrational spectra simulation and finally the electrostatic potential maps and the frontier orbitals, were analyzed.

abstract: ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on structural characterizations and optical properties of Si, Ge based semiconductor alloys. Two material systems are characterized: Si-based III-V/IV alloys, which represent a possible pathway to augment the optical performance of elemental silicon as a solar cell absorber layer, and Ge-based Ge1-ySny and Ge1-x-ySixSny systems which are applicable to long wavelength optoelectronics. Electron microscopy is the primary tool used to study structural properties. Electron Energy Loss spectroscopy (EELS), Ellipsometry, Photoluminescence and Raman Spectroscopy are combined to investigate electronic band structures and bonding properties. The experiments are closely coupled with structural and property modeling and theory. A series of III-V-IV alloys have been synthesized by the reaction of M(SiH3)3 (M = P, As) with Al atoms from a Knudsen cell. In the AlPSi3 system, bonding configurations and elemental distributions are characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)/EELS and correlated with bulk optical behavior. The incorporation of N was achieved by addition of N(SiH3)3 into the reaction mixture yielding [Al(As1-xNx)]ySi5-2yalloys. A critical point analysis of spectroscopic ellipsometry data reveals the existence of direct optical transitions at energies as low as 2.5 eV, well below the lowest direct absorption edge of Si at 3.3 eV. The compositional dependence of the lowest direct gap and indirect gap in Ge1-ySny alloys extracted from room temperature photoluminescence indicates a crossover concentration of yc =0.073, much lower than virtual crystal approximation but agrees well with large atomic supercells predictions. A series of Ge-rich Ge1-x-ySixSny samples with a fixed 3-4% Si content and progressively increasing Sn content in the 4-10% range are grown and characterized by electron microscopy and photoluminescence. The ternary represents an attractive alternative to Ge1-ySny for applications in IR optoelectronic technologies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2014

A caracterização no estado sólido de insumos farmacêuticos constitui uma parte muito importante no entendimento de suas propriedades físicas, químicas e farmacológicas. A partir da análise estrutural por difração de raios X em monocristal, pode-se identificar a conformação no estado sólido do fármaco, assim como sua densidade eletrônica. Estes estudos podem ser complementados com dados provenientes da Modelagem Molecular, que compreende um número de ferramentas e métodos computacionais e teóricos que têm como objetivos compreender e prever o comportamento de sistemas reais. Nesse contexto, visando compreender melhor as propriedades de estado sólido apresentadas pelo fármaco anti-filariose dietilcarbamazina (DEC), foi obtido um novo sal, o maleato de dietilcarbamazina (DEC maleato), cujas propriedades foram comparadas com as das estruturas já reportadas, DEC citrato e DEC pura. A DEC maleato foi caracterizada por difração de raios X em monocristal, espectroscopias Raman e Infravermelho e análise térmica. A DEC maleato cristaliza no grupo espacial triclínico PI com dois confôrmeros da molécula de DEC na unidade assimétrica, ambos exibindo caudas etílicas na conformação syn em relação ao anel piperazina, diferentemente do que ocorre na DEC citrato e na DEC pura, nas quais esses fragmentos moleculares apresentam uma conformação anti. A principal interação intermolecular entre o fármaco e o ácido maleico é do tipo N-H•••O, que caracteriza a formação do sal e, consequentemente, do par iônico (DEC)+(maleato)-. Além disso, uma rede complexa de interações intermoleculares não-clássicas do tipo C-H•••O estão presentes entre as moléculas de DEC, DEC-maleato e maleato-maleato, levando a um empacotamento cristalino na forma de um sanduíche, onde os confôrmeros da DEC acomodam-se em colunas intercaladas por bicamadas de íons maleato. Não foram observadas transições de fase estruturais em função da temperatura entre 100 K e temperatura ambiente. No entanto, devido à variação conformacional observada entre as moléculas de DEC, cálculos quânticos foram realizados na fase gasosa, otimizando as conformações moleculares tanto da molécula de DEC neutra quanto da carregada a fim de determinar as características de sua estrutura eletrônica utilizando o método da Teoria do Funcional de Densidade, com o funcional híbrido B3LYP e o conjunto de função de base 6-31++G. Através dos cálculos teóricos foram obtidas quatro novas conformações, uma para DEC neutra e três da carregada, para as quais analisou-se as energias de conformação, os espectros vibracionais simulados e por fim os mapas de potencial eletrostático e os orbitais de fronteira. / The solid state characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) constitutes an important part in understanding their physical, chemical and pharmacological properties. From the structural analysis by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the API conformation in the solid form, as well as its electronic density, can be identified. These studies can be supplemented with data from the Molecular Modeling, which includes a number of theoretical and computational tools used to understand and to predict the behavior in real systems. In this context, aiming to better comprehend the solid state properties exhibited by the anti-filarial drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC), a new salt was obtained, the diethylcarbamazine maleate (DEC maleate), and its properties were compared with the ones of the reported structures, DEC citrate and pure DEC. The DEC maleate was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis. DEC maleate was found to crystallize in the triclinic space group PI with two very similar conformers of the DEC molecule in the asymmetric unit, both exhibiting the ethylic chains in conformation syn in relation to the piperazine ring, unlike what happens to DEC citrate and pure DEC, where these chains are anti related. The main intermolecular interaction between the API and the maleic acid is of the type NH•••O, characterizing the salt formation, and thus, the ionic pair (DEC)+(maleate)-. Moreover, a complex network of no-classical intermolecular interactions of the type CH•••O occur between DEC-DEC, DEC-maleate, and maleate-maleate molecules, leading to a sandwich like crystal packing, where DEC conformers are accommodated in columns intercalated by maleates bilayers. No phase transitions were observed for the molecule structure in function of temperature between 100 K and room temperature. However, due conformational variations observed among DEC molecules of the three structures, quantum calculations were performed in the gas phase, optimizing the molecular conformations of both, the neutral and the charged DEC molecules to determine the characteristics of the electronic structure using the method of Density Functional Theory with the B3LYP hybrid functional and basis set 6-31++G. new conformations it were found, for which geometrical characteristics, conformation energies, vibrational spectra simulation and finally the electrostatic potential maps and the frontier orbitals, were analyzed.

Three traverses across the exhumed trace of the Punchbowl fault zone in the 11 Pelona Schist, southern California, were examined at the millimeter to kilometer scales to determine the morphology, deformation mechanisms, and geochemistry of the fault zone in schistose rocks. The Pelona Schist is predominantly a quartz-albite-muscovite-actinolite schist with associated minor metabasalts. The Punchbowl fault zone, which is exhumed 2-4 km, has 44 km of right lateral slip, and is composed of a fault core enveloped by a damaged zone. The fault core is a region of extreme slip localization that records most fault displacement. Deformation in the fault core is dominated by grain-size reduction accompanied by fluid-dominated alteration, in contrast to the damage zone, where deformation is dominated by brittle and semi-brittle fracturing, cataclasis, and slip. Portions of the Punchbowl fault have multiple fault cores, with each fault core less than 10 cm thick. The thickness of a fault depends upon the type of deformation measured and the scale of observation. Mesoscopic fractures begin 50 m from the fault core, whereas the onset of fault-related microfractures occurs at approximately 40 m from the fault core . A geochemical signature based on whole-rock geochemistry suggests a fault thickness of less than 10 m. Grain-size reduction occurs over a 10 m thick region and mineralogic changes occur over a region 20-30 m thick. Reorientation of preexisting foliation occurs over a zone 30 m thick. Fault-core morphology and textures are similar to those in the Punchbowl fault to the northwest, where it displaces sedimentary rocks, and the San Gabriel fault, which formed in crystalline rocks. This suggests that the processes that form foliated, finegrained, cataclasite-dominated fault cores of large displacement faults are similar for diverse lithologies. The composition of the fault core is variable along strike, with little geochemical or mineralogical homogenization. Whereas processes that form fault cores are similar, localized interaction of fluids caused compositional variability within the core. Changes in fault composition and fluid-rock interactions may result in different fault properties and behaviors.

No description available.

Addition reactions of ten neutral nucleophiles and seven anionic nucleophiles with the pentaosmium pentadecacarbonyl carbido cluster Os5C(CO)15 have been kinetically studied and several important reactivity trends have been established. The calculated activation parameters support an associative mechanism involving the attack of nucleophiles on the parent cluster in the rate-limiting step. Decarbonylation reactions of neutral arachno clusters Os5C(CO)15L have also been kinetically studied and different reactivity trends have been observed. Reactions of Os5C(CO)15 with both neutral and anionic nucleophiles produce corresponding arachno clusters in good yield. Neutral arachno clusters decarbonylate when heated to yield corresponding nido clusters. All studied anionic arachno clusters are resistant to decarbonylation, but most of them readily react with organic acids to form corresponding hydrido clusters. Reactions of anionic arachno clusters with methyl triflate yielded several new clusters. Exploration of metal-ligand bond lengths in the respective pairs of arachno and nido clusters yielded a valuable conclusion with regard to steric effects prevalent in these molecules. The mechanisms for polyhedral structural rearrangements between arachno and nido derivatives of the pentaosmium carbido cluster have been proposed. Thermolysis of cluster Ru3[Ph2PCH(Me)PPh2](CO)10 in the presence of diphenylacetylene yields alkyne-substituted clusters Ru3(PhCCPh)[Ph2PCH(Me)PPh2](CO)8 and Ru3(PhCCPh)[Ph2PCH(Me)PPh2](CO)7 as the major products. The backbone-modified diphosphine in both clusters has facilitated the growth of single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography. The kinetics for the conversion between two clusters have been investigated and the calculated activation parameters were found to be inconsistent with a rate-limiting step involving a dissociative loss of CO.

Sulfated low molecular weight lignins (LMWLs) have shown good activity as anticoagulants by allosterically inhibiting thrombin, as well as promising agents for treating emphysema through inhibition of elastolysis, oxidation, and inflammation. Sulfated LMWLs are chemo-enzymatically synthesized from starting monomers caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acid into sulfated dehydropolymers known as CDS, FDS, and SDS. To further the LMWLs’ development as drugs, their structural composition and physicochemical characteristics were defined in this work. The molecular weight distribution profile of the sulfated LMWLs from size exclusion chromatography performed on a high pressure liquid chromatography system (SEC-HPLC) changed from bimodal when no surfactant is used in the mobile phase of the HPLC to unimodal when surfactant is used in the mobile phase. This indicates that some large molecular weight species, likely an aggregate of smaller molecular weight chains, are disrupted when surfactant is present. The resulting estimates of molecular weight calculated when surfactant is used in the mobile phase resulted in peak average molecular weights of 5700 Da for CDS, 7400 Da for FDS, and 4300 Da for SDS. These molecular weights are 17-45% higher and can be considered more accurate than the previously reported molecular weights (CDS: 3320 Da, FDS: 4120 Da, SDS: 3550 Da) because they were measured directly whereas previous estimates were calculated from GPC-HPLC data of the unsulfated LMWL precursors. Elemental analysis and distribution coefficient measurements were also performed on the LMWL library, revealing information about the level of sulfation and hydrophobic character of the sulfated LMWLs.

[pt] O presente estudo foca o comportamento da redução da ferrita de zinco produzida em laboratório e a contida nos pós de aciaria elétrica (PAE) pelo CO puro e misturas COCO2, esta última tomada como exemplo de um caso real. Este trabalho se iniciou com a caracterização dos principais compostos presentes no PAE (óxido de ferro (III), óxido de zinco e ferrita de zinco) usando técnicas, metodologias e equipamentos para caracterizações térmica (ATD-ATG), estrutural (DRX), microscópica (MEV-MET analise de EDS), física (porosidade do briquete, massa especifica, tamanho médio e área superficial específica das partículas) e química. Constatou-se que as partículas dos materiais estudados são predominantemente de geometria esférica e, em particular o estudo via MET da ferrita de zinco, revelou aglomerados micrométricos e homogêneos tipo clusters, formados por partículas arredondadas e constituídas por alguns monocristais com tamanhos da ordem de 100 nm. Com a finalidade de estudar a cinética de redução da ferrita de zinco, foram realizados ensaios de redução por CO puro e misturas gasosas formadas por: 75 por cento CO-25 por cento CO2 e 50 por cento CO-50 por cento CO2 nas temperaturas de 1073, 1173, 1223, 1273 e 1373K. O tempo máximo de redução foi de 105 min. Os resultados obtidos permitiram propor uma sequência cinética de redução, ao longo da qual os principais produtos de redução da ferrita de zinco foram caracterizados via MEV, visando estabelecer a fenomenologia/morfologia da redução. Conclui-se que a fenomenologia morfológica e cinética da redução da ferrita de zinco, embora complexa, é similar a da redução dos óxidos de ferro, dependendo das composições gasosas, temperatura e tempo de reação. O estudo morfológico permitiu constatar que a redução da ferrita de zinco evidencia sua decomposição nos óxidos constituintes (ZnO e Fe2O3), na faixa de 1073 a 1273K e a redução sequencial do óxido de zinco e dos óxidos de ferro. Os típicos produtos sólidos da redução são: óxido de zinco (ZnO), wüstita (FeO), óxidos mistos do tipo (Zn, Fe)O e ferro metálico. O estudo cinético estabeleceu ainda que ocorre uma rápida redução do óxido de zinco, liberando zinco gasoso, evidenciando a seguinte sequência de redução: primeiramente, o óxido de zinco se reduz, seguido dos óxidos de ferro. Isto ocorre significativamente nas temperaturas entre 1223 e 1373K. Estabeleceu-se um modelo geral de redução da ferrita de zinco usando a metodologia de superfície resposta (RSM), que envolveu o planejamento estatístico fatorial 3(4) para avaliar a influência dos fatores preestabelecidos sobre a (porcentagem) Redução (temperatura e tempo de reação, composição gasosa, e massa da amostra). Os modelos cinéticos que melhor ajustaram os mecanismos de redução foram: o modelo de reação química de interface-simetria esférica, seguido pelo modelo exponencial de reação contínua, representados por: [1 - raiz cúbica de (1 -alfa)] = kt e −ln(1 -alfa) igual a kt , respectivamente. O modelo de reação química de interface - simetria esférica, representado por: [1 - raiz cúbica de (1 - alfa)] = kt foi o que melhor adequou-se à redução da ferrita de zinco sintética. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos foram: (a) 100 por cento CO: Ea de 55,60 kJ/mol e A igual a 8,833 mHz; (b) 75 por cento CO-25 por cento CO2: Ea igual a 88,21 kJ/mol e A igual a 127,74 mHz; (c) 50 por cento CO-50 por cento CO2: Ea igual a 95,21 kJ/mol e A igual a 193,37 mHz; De maneira similar, no caso da redução da ferrita de zinco presente no PAE, o modelo que melhor representou o processo, também foi o modelo de reação química de interface - simetria esférica, representado por: [1 - raiz cúbica de (1 - alfa)] igual a kt , sendo, Ea (energia de ativação aparente) e A (constante pré-exponencial de Arrhenius), os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos: (d) 100 por cento CO: Ea igual a 52,34 kJ/mol, e A igual a 4,98 mHz; (b) 75 por cento CO-25 por cento CO2: Ea igual a 66,70 kJ/mol e A igual a 76,06 mHz; (c) 50 por cento CO-50 por cento CO2: Ea igual a 86,28 kJ/mol e A igual a 289,59 mHz. A comparação entre as energias de ativação aparente, permitiu concluir que tanto a redução da ferrita de zinco sintética como a redução dos Pós de Aciaria Elétrica-PAE, tiveram como etapa controladora da reação global a redução dos óxidos de ferro, particularmente para a redução com 100 por cento CO. No caso da redução com misturas COCO2, isto não foi observado para a ferrita de zinco sintética, embora possa ser válida para os Pós de Aciaria Elétrica-PAE, considerando seu baixo teor de zinco. Assim, para o caso da redução da ferrita de zinco por misturas CO-CO2, propõe-se como etapa controladora a redução simultânea do óxido de zinco e dos óxidos de ferro. / [en] This work deals with the behavior of the synthetic zinc ferrite reduction as well as a case study for the same process using electric arc furnace dusts (EAFD). These processes were conducted under pure CO atmosphere and CO-CO2 gas mixtures. The research here reported onsets with the characterization of the compounds present in EAFD - Iron (III) oxide, zinc oxide and zinc ferrite - using techniques, methodologies and equipments for thermal characterization (DTA-TGA), structural (XRD), microscopic (SEM-TEM coupled to EDS), physical (briquette porosity, specific gravity, average size and particle specific surface) and chemical analysis. It was found that the studied materials particles showed predominantly spherical geometry and in particular, the TEM scans in the zinc ferrite, reveled cluster type micrometric and homogeneous agglomerates formed from single crystal round particles having the size of circa 100 nm. Aiming at the study of the kinetics of the zinc ferrite reduction experiments were conducted using synthetic and EAFD materials submitted to pure CO gas and mixtures of it with CO2 in the following proportions: 75 per cent CO-25 per cent CO2 e 50 per cent CO-50 per cent CO2. The runs were conducted at the temperatures 1073, 1173, 1223, 1273 e 1373K and the maximum reaction time was 105 min. The obtained results permitted the proposal of a kinetic reduction reaction chain. In the course of the study, also, the main zinc ferrite reduction products were characterized by the SEM analysis. This analysis also permitted the observation of phenomenological and morphological correlations during the process. It was concluded that the morphological and kinetic zinc ferrite reduction, in spite being a complex process, it is similar to iron oxides reduction, meaning, dependent on the gaseous compositions, temperature and reaction times. The morphological prism permitted to propose that the zinc ferrite reduction denounces its instantaneous decomposition in their constituent oxides (ZnO and Fe2O3) when submitted to temperatures in the range of 1073 to 1273K and also the sequential reduction of zinc and iron oxides. The typical reduction products were zinc oxide (ZnO), wüstite (FeO) and mix oxides type (Zn, Fe) O and metallic iron. Again, the kinetic study established that a rapid reduction of the zinc oxide occurs, as compared to the other present oxides, through the sequence: firstly the zinc oxide reduction takes place, and this is followed by the iron oxides reduction. The last processes occur significantly for temperatures in the range of circa 1223 to 1373K. A general model of the zinc ferrite reduction by the gaseous mixture of CO-CO2 was proposed using the response surface methodology (RSM) for the factorial analysis 3(4). This was done evaluating the effect of the following variables: temperature, reducing atmosphere composition, specimen mass and reaction time over the (percentage)Reduction. The kinetic models that presented the better adjustment for the reduction were the boundary chemical reaction model for spherical symmetry (BCRM ss) with the equation [1 - cubic root (1 - alfa)] equal kt and the model of simple exponential continuous reaction obeying the relation: − ln(1 - alfa) equal kt . The kinetic parameters obtained (Ea, apparent activation energy, and A, Arrhenius preexponential frequency fator) were for the first model, that is synthetic zinc ferrite: (a) 100 per cent CO gas: Ea equal 55,60 kJ/mol & A equal 8,83 mHz; (b) 75 per cent CO-25 per cent CO2: Ea equal 88,21 kJ/mol and Aequal 127,74 mHz; (c) 50 per cent CO-50 per cent CO2: Ea equal 95,21 kJ/mol and A equal 193,37 mHz. And for the second material, zinc ferrite contained in the EAF dusts: (a) 100 per cent CO gas: Ea equal 52,34 kJ/mol and A equal 4,98 mHz; (b) 75 per cent CO-25 per cent CO2: Ea equal 66,70 kJ/mol and A equal 76,06 mHz; (c) 50 per cent CO-50 per cent CO2: Ea equal 86,28 kJ/mol and A equal 289,59 mHz. The comparison between the apparent activation energy obtained from the best fitting kinetic models permitted to conclude that the zinc ferrite reduction as well as the electric arc furnace dusts reduction global reactions rates are controlled by iron oxides reduction, this in particular for the case of the reduction with 100 per cent CO. As for the reduction with the CO-CO2 gas mixtures, this was not observed for the synthetic zinc ferrite, although, for the reduction of the electric arc furnace dust, this could be the case due to their low zinc content. Considering these facts and the experimental results of this work, it is suggested that the zinc ferrite reduction by CO-CO2 gas mixtures has the global reaction rate controlled simultaneously by the reduction of both zinc and iron oxides.