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[en] THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS: SILENCE IN KOSOVO, VOICES IN MACEDONIA (1989-2001) / [pt] O PAPEL DE ATORES INTERNACIONAIS NA PREVENÇÃO DE CONFLITOS VIOLENTOS: SILÊNCIO NO KOSOVO, VOZES NA MACEDÔNIA (1989-2001)EDUARDA PASSARELLI HAMANN 13 November 2007 (has links)
[pt] A literatura de prevenção de conflitos violentos que trata
de eficácia da
ação preventiva ressalta que as chances de sucesso tendem
a aumentar quando a
prevenção é estrutural e quando a abordagem é
multissetorial. A pesquisa
realizada indica que, antes de se falar na eficácia da
ação preventiva, deve-se
verificar a existência das condicionantes da ação
preventiva, que limitam ou
favorecem o envolvimento de atores internacionais.
Argumenta-se que a ação
preventiva internacional está condicionada a três
elementos: (i) a construção de
um conceito de prevenção; (ii) a criação de mecanismos que
visem à
implementação de tal conceito; e (iii) a interpretação do
contexto local como
sendo passível de interferência com objetivos preventivos.
A pesquisa conclui
que, nos casos do Kosovo e da ex-República Iugoslava da
Macedônia, a promoção
do discurso de prevenção por atores internacionais não
leva necessariamente à sua
adaptação institucional. Além disso, ainda que mecanismos
estejam disponíveis
aos potenciais preventores internacionais, só serão
implementados se a situação
concreta for interpretada como passível de prevenção.
Destaca-se ainda que os
casos em estudo reforçam o entendimento da literatura ao
demonstrar que as
chances de sucesso das medidas preventivas foram menores
no Kosovo devido à
inação e à ação superficial, tardia e descoordenada de
alguns atores internacionais.
A ação preventiva na Macedônia, por sua vez, teve maiores
chances de sucesso
porque teria sido estrutural e multissetorial - devido à
interpretação que se fez do
contexto local na época da iminência das crises. / [en] According to the literature of conflict prevention who
deals with the
effectiveness of preventive action, chances of success
tend to rise when
prevention is structural, and when it occurs within a
multitrack framework. The
results of this research indicate that, before dealing
with the effectiveness of
preventive action, one must verify the conditionalities of
preventive action, which
limit or encourage the involvement of international actors
in the prevention of
violent conflicts. It is argued that international
preventive action is conditioned by
three elements: (i) the construction of a concept of
conflict prevention; (ii) the
creation of mechanisms to implement the concept; and (iii)
the interpretation of
the local context as being preventable by international
interference. In the cases of
Kosovo and of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
the promotion of a
preventive discourse by international actors is not enough
to induce to
institutional changes. Besides, even when mechanisms are
available to potential
international preventors, they would only be implemented
if the situation in loco
is interpreted as being preventable. The cases under
analysis reinforce the main
argument of the literature and demonstrate that chances of
success of preventive
action were lower in Kosovo because of inaction and also
superficial, late and
uncoordinated action of the few relevant actors. In its
turn, preventive action in
Macedonia had higher chances of success because it was a
structural and
multitrack effort of different actors, thanks to the
interpretation of the situation in
loco on the very edge of the crises.
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Strategic Sustainable Development as an Approach to Conflict Prevention in Conflict-Prone Societies / Strategic Sustainable Development as an Approach to Conflict Prevention in Conflict-Prone SocietiesOdiniya, Agenyi Benjamin, Fofuleng, Babila Julius, Vong, Pheakavoin January 2014 (has links)
Conflict is a complex phenomenon and a major part of sustainability challenges and therefore requires holistic approach for its prevention. This thesis argues that integrating Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) at the structural level of conflict prevention can provide long term solutions to conflict escalation around the world. SSD provides a holistic approach for addressing the sustainability challenges and complexity of conflict prevention. Sustainability issues (social and ecological) were identified to be at the heart of many conflicts. Both the social (human needs) and ecological (environmental) dimensions are always violated in each conflict. The mechanisms for these violations are embedded in the structures (Political, Economic, Social and environmental) and institutional arrangements that are inherent in conflict-prone societies. Addressing these structural factors has potentials to provide long term solutions to conflict escalation. The connections between conflict and sustainability might not always be easily seen. Using the FSSD as an analytical tool in conjunction with other conflict analysis tools has greater capacity to bring to limelight previously unrecognized risk factors of conflict escalation while at the same time revealing known factors as sustainability challenges. The thesis described the links between conflict,structural conflict prevention, sustainability and Strategic Sustainable Development. Keywords: Conflict, Conflict Prevention, Conflict prone-societies, Structural Prevention, Sustainability, and Strategic Sustainable Development. / <p>+46767485159</p>
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The role of preventive diplomacy in African conflicts : a case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo : 1998-2004Swart, G.H. (Gerhardus Stephanus) 24 April 2008 (has links)
The African continent has been beset with violent conflicts, civil wars and extended periods of instability. The continent’s future depends on the capacity to prevent, manage and resolve conflict. Reacting to conflict has proven highly expensive for the international community and has strengthened the case for a greater focus on conflict prevention. This study will examine the role, relevance and success of preventive diplomacy in responding to and preventing violent and protracted conflicts in Africa, in particular recent international efforts to seek a concrete, comprehensive and all-inclusive peace settlement to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had resulted in what many analysts considered to be ‘Africa’s First World War’. The aim and objective of this study will be to assess the role of preventive diplomacy, in particular efforts by the international community to resolve the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study of the success of preventive diplomacy in responding to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo will cover three distinct phases. The first phase will assess the historical development of the crisis in the former Zaïre dating back from 1997 to 1998 and initial steps that were taken to address the conflict. The next phase will cover the period dating from 1999-2000 following the signing of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, while the final phase will assess developments and efforts to secure peace by the international community from 2001 until 2004, while providing for a brief discussion on possible future developments. The research will commence by examining various theoretical contributions and insights produced on conflict prevention and the concept of preventive diplomacy. The examination of conflict prevention and preventive diplomacy will be rooted in theoretical insights produced by Michael Lund (1996) and other influential contributions on preventive diplomacy. The theoretical framework for this study will be based on Michael Lund’s model of preventive diplomacy. Although Lund’s conceptual framework provides a valuable insight into the theory of preventive diplomacy an additional theoretical consideration may be included into his assessment. Lund’s theoretical framework fails to address the impact of psychological variables and the extent to which prevailing conflict attitudes may exert a negative influence on a conflict situation. This may render the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy at the level of unstable peace obsolete if it fails to take prevailing conflict attitudes into account. This dissertation will also propose the inclusion of social-psychological approaches to augment the strategy of preventive diplomacy as developed by Lund. Very little conclusive and in-depth research has been conducted on how psychological variables, particularly conflict attitudes such as negative images, attitudes, perceptions and conflict behaviour can fuel and exacerbate a conflict situation, especially conflicts in Africa and how this may derail the success of preventive diplomacy in resolving such severe conflicts. In the numerous efforts to secure peace in the embattled Democratic Republic of the Congo scant consideration, evaluation and analysis has been produced on the way in which conflict attitudes such as misperception, fear, distrust, hostility and suspicion, became not only a major stumbling block to the peace process, but also negatively affected the outcome of the various peace agreements that were negotiated. One of the core arguments this dissertation will posit is that preventive diplomacy has not been successfully applied in resolving conflicts in Africa, and will continue to fail, unless greater emphasis is placed on structural prevention, that includes an assessment and strategy for responding to conflict attitudes, such as misperception, hostility, suspicion, fear and distrust. It could be argued that preventive diplomacy initiatives when taken alone and independently of a broader strategy of conflict prevention are likely to fail unless they are linked to measures and actions that tackle the deeper or structural causes of conflict. Greater emphasis should be placed on timely and adequate preventive action, through the vigorous promotion of preventive diplomacy, particularly structural prevention. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is intermittently erupting and will continue to do so, unless the structural causes of the crisis and the various conflict attitudes are effectively dealt with. The study will commence with the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, consisting of a discussion of conflict, preventive diplomacy, and conflict prevention. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will be discussed as well as the underlying factors that contributed towards the brutal and excessively violent nature the conflict came to assume. The study will also examine the international response to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as the immediate diplomatic efforts initiated to resolve the crisis from 1998-1999, which culminated in the signing of the Lusaka Cease-Fire Agreement on 10 July 1999. An assessment of the intervention efforts initiated by the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and other key African states, in particular South Africa will also be undertaken. The impact of psychological variables and the importance of assessing the crucial contribution of social-psychological approaches towards understanding and resolving conflict will be briefly considered with particular reference to the protracted tensions which persisted between Rwanda and the DRC, despite the conclusion of numerous peace agreements between both countries. The final chapter will form an evaluation of the prospects for peace in the DRC beyond 2004 and will conclude the study with particular reference to the extent to which the research questions have been adequately addressed with final recommendations on the role of preventive diplomacy in addressing conflict. / Dissertation (MA (International Relations))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted
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