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ABSTRACT Objectives There is a growing concern about the increasing incidence of weapon-related injuries among middle and high school students in the United States, but the association with substance use remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between substance use and weapon-related injuries among middle and high school students in the United States. Design Population-based cross-sectional study Setting Public and private middle and high schools in all 50 states of the United States and District of Columbia Methods Data were obtained from the 2015 Youth Behavioral Risk Survey (YRBS) (n=15,624). Weapon-related injuries were injuries caused by any weapon. Substance use was defined as when someone uses psychoactive substances including alcohol and illicit drugs. Substances in this study included marijuana, heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy, alcohol and injected illegal drugs. Substance abuse referred to the harmful use of any of these substances. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between substance use and weapon-related injuries after adjustment for covariates. Results There were 574 (7.70%) cases of weapon-related injuries among the males and 361 (4.85%) cases of weapon-related injuries among the female population. The highest proportion of weapon-related injuries was among the American Indians (10.42%) while the lowest proportion was among the whites (5.74%). Of all the substance use groups, alcohol users had the highest number of cases of weapon-related injuries (N= 689, 7.37%) but the highest proportion of weapon-related injuries was among heroin users (N= 147, 45.51%). The use of marijuana (Odd Ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.16 -1.80) and illegal drug injection (OR =3.71, 95% CI = 2.28 -6.03) were associated with increased odds of weapon-related injuries. Carrying weapon on school property (OR =2.21, 95% CI =1.69 – 2.89) and alcohol use (OR = 1.53, 95% CI =1.3 – 1.8) were also found to be positively associated with weapon-related injuries. However, being female (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7 – 0.98) was associated with lower odds of weapon-related injuries. Conclusion Marijuana use, illegal drug injection, alcohol use and carrying weapon on school property were positively associated with weapon-related injuries among middle and high school students in the United States. The findings may help reduce weapon-related injuries in middle and high schools if policy makers enact laws that limit access to weapons especially those involved in substance use and prohibit bringing of weapons into the school properties.

Bakgrund: Alkohol konsumeras av en majoritet av befolkning och övrig narkotika av cirka 1 av 12 personer. Konsekvenserna innefattar t.ex. för tidig död. Personer med psykiatrisk diagnos löper större risk att drabbas av missbruk. De negativa konsekvenserna består av både psykisk ohälsa och påverkan på det dagliga livet, där relationer och arbete blir försämrat. Arbetsterapeuten arbetar utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv där de utgår ifrån aktivitet. Interventionerna som beskrivs är struktur, rutiner, träning i sociala färdigheter och kreativa aktiviteter, för att patienterna ska finna välbefinnande och skapa nya rutiner för att komma bort från sitt missbruk. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeuters erfarenhet av behandling för vuxna med substansmissbruk. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie gjordes med semistrukturerade frågor. Arbetsterapeuter rekryterades via gruppen “arbetsterapeuter på Facebook”. Sju arbetsterapeuter deltog i individuella intervjuer via Zoom. Intervjuerna transkriberades ordagrant och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes med meningsenheter, koder, kategorier och underkategorier. Resultat: I studiens resultat framkom följande Kategorier: Samarbete med patienter, Samarbete mellan professioner, Arbetsterapiprocess, Förebyggande insatser vid återfall och Samsjuklighet. Subkategorierna i resultatet är Utredning och bedömning, åtgärd, uppföljning och utvärdering. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis visar studien hur arbetsterapeuter arbetar inom missbruksvården med fokus på arbetsterapiprocessen som genomsyrar hela behandlingen. Det saknas dock en tydlig ram för uppföljning av patienter vilket forskningen borde fokusera mer på så att uppföljningen kan bli en varaktig del i behandlingen.

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This research examined the relationship between substance use and identity variables. The sample consisted of 76 students undergraduate psychology students. Relationships were found between identity variables and both alcohol and marijuana usage. People with a foreclosed identity status tended to have the lowest rates of substance use, while people in the moratorium identity status tended to have the highest rates. The hypotheses that identity variables would predict substance usage above and beyond psychological adjustment, and that identity distress symptoms would predict substance use beyond other identity development variables alone, was mostly not confirmed. The strongest and most consistent predictor of substance use was age. Possible reasons for this relationship are discussed, and calls for further research into this as well as other mediators and moderators of the relationship between identity and substance use are suggested.