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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of saliva contamination and subsequent surface treatments on the shear bond strength of two different resin cements to zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred sintered zirconia specimens were divided into two groups (n=50), one for each resin cement to be tested. Each group was divided into five sub-groups (n=10) based on the surface treatment the zirconia plates were going to receive; namely control (CL), saliva contaminated (SC), water washed (WW), Ivoclean (IC) and air abrasion (AA). In the control group, no contamination or surface treatment was performed. Specimen surfaces of the rest of the experimental groups were contaminated with saliva, and then submitted to drying with air only (SC); washed with water (WW); treated with Ivoclean cleaning paste (IC); or sandblasted with aluminum oxide particles (Al2O3) (AA). Multilink Automix (MA) and RelyX Ultimate (RU) resin cement cylinders were made and bonded to conditioned zirconia specimens using the Ultradent jig method. All bonded specimens were placed inside glass containers filled with deionized water inside an incubator at 37 °C for 24 h. After 24 h, the shear bond strength of the bonded specimens was tested using an Instron Universal Testing Machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minutes. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and data were analyzed with Tukey-Kramer HSD multiple comparison tests at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was determined that saliva contamination significantly reduced resin bond strengths to zirconia ceramic. Airborne-particle abrasion was the most effective cleaning and surface treatment. It significantly increased the shear bond strength of (MA) (13.73 ± 1.39 MPa) and (RU) (6.34± 0.8 MPa). The IC was effective in removing saliva contamination and enhancing the resin bond strength of (MA) (10.9 ± 1.28 MPa) and (RU) (3.1± 0.16MPa). Water did not remove saliva contamination and did not improve (RU) bond strength to zirconia (1.73 ± 0.25 MPa). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the shear bond strengths of (MA), water washing (4.7± 0.64 MPa), and control groups (4.9± 0.27 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: If contamination occurs, a surface treatment is required to guarantee an adequate interaction between the resin cement and the zirconia surface. Airborne-particle abrasion and Ivoclean surface treatments are effective in removing saliva contamination and enhancing the resin bond strength. Washing with water alone did not improve resin bond strength.

Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of chairside surface treatments on biaxial flexural strength and subsurface damage of monolithic zirconia ceramics. Methods: Specimens (15x15x1.2 mm3) were prepared by sectioning from commercially available zirconia blanks (BruxZirTM) and sintering according to manufacturer's recommendations. Fully dense specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n=30) and treated as follows; 1) as-sintered (AS) 2) air abraded with 50 μm alumina fine particles (AAF), 3) air abraded with 250 μm coarse alumina particles (AAC), 4) ground (G), and 5) ground and polished (GP) to mimic chairside and dental laboratory treatments. Microstructural changes were thoroughly characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry and atomic force microscopy. Crystalline phases and their depth profile were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). Results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons. A 0.05 level of significance was used. Reliability was evaluated by Weibull analysis. Results: All treatment groups exhibited a significant difference in mean surface roughness (Rq) compared to the as-sintered group (p<0.05). The AAC group showed the highest surface roughness at 1.08 ± 0.17 μm, followed by the G, AAF and AS groups. The GP group exhibited the lowest surface roughness. The group air abraded with fine particles showed the highest mean biaxial flexural strength (1662.62 ± 202.58 MPa), but was not different from the ground and polished group (1567.19 ± 209.76 MPa). The groups air abraded with coarse particles or ground with diamond bur exhibited comparable mean biaxial flexural strength at 1371.37 ±147.62 MPa and 1356.98 ±196.77 MPa, respectively. The as-sintered group had the lowest mean biaxial flexural strength at 1202.29 ±141.92 MPa. The depth of compressive stress layer, measured by GIXRD was approximately 50 μm in the AAF group, followed by the AAC group with ~35 μm, ~10 μm for the ground group and ~5 μm for the ground and polished group. Deep subsurface cracks were observed in the AAC group (~80 μm in depth) and G group (~25 μm in depth), whereas shallower flaws were present in the AAF and GP groups at 10 and 3 μm, respectively. Weibull analysis represented a greater reliability in zirconia specimens treated with air abrasion groups. Conclusions: Surface treatments induced the t-m transformation in 3Y-TZP and associated development of compressive stresses to a depth that varied with the severity of the treatment performed. GIXRD revealed that AAF led to the thickest compressive stress layer, followed by AAC, G and GP. SEM revealed that subsurface damage was most severe with AAC, followed by G, AAF and GP. We propose that the flexural strength results can be explained by the difference between the depth of the compressive stress layer induced by the transformation and the depth of the subsurface flaws.

[pt] Apesar do titânio e suas ligas serem amplamente empregadas na implantodontia e os resultados das experiências clínicas comprovarem que estes materiais apresentaram excelente biocompatibilidade, existem dúvidas quanto às propriedades físico-químicas ideais das superfícies dos implantes de titânio para se obter uma osseointegração adequada. Todavia, os padrões para definir as propriedades superficiais dos implantes odontológicos ainda não estão definidos na literatura. Estas características são importantes, uma vez que a osseointegração é fortemente dependente da ligação das células com a superfície do implante. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar três processos subtrativos utilizados no tratamento da superfície de implantes osseointegráveis de titânio comercialmente puro a saber: abrasão - jateamento, erosão - ataque químico e combinação das duas. Estes métodos permitem avaliar as propriedades físicas e químicas superficiais de cilindros de titânio tratados através destes processos tais como: morfologia superficial, topografia e molhabilidade (ângulo de contato). Foi possível, também, identificar os parâmetros e métodos vinculados que otimizam as condições superficiais para este fim. / [en] Titanium alloys are widely used in dental implants in virtue of clinical evidences of the excellent biocompatibility performance shown by this alloys. However, there are still a number of unanswered questions regarding the ideal physicochemical properties of titanium surfaces used in dental implants aiming at an appropriate integration with the bone. Furthermore, in the literature there are not still available standards defining superficial properties of dental implants. These characteristics are a fundamental importance since biocompatibility is strongly depended upon the connections between host cells and the titanium surface implant. The present work has as objective the analysis of three processes use for surface treatments of dental implants based on titanium of commercial purity, namely mechanically- induced erosion, chemical etching and the combination of both. Such methods applied to titanium cylinders, have permitted one to estimate more closely their physical and chemical surfaces properties, such as surface morphology, surface topology and contact angle (wet ability). It is also identified the factors and methods allowing to obtain the optimal surface conditions for this purpose.

Neste trabalho, camadas de elevadas durezas e resistentes ao desgaste, constituídas de NbC, VC ou Fe-B, foram produzidas nos aços AISI H13 e D2, por meio de tratamentos termo-reativos em banhos de bórax, com adição de Fe-Nb, Fe-V, Fe-Ti e Al. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meio de microscopias ótica e eletrônica de varredura com EDS (espectroscopia de dispersão de energia), difração de raios-X, GDOS (“Glow discharge optical spectroscopy"), microdureza Vickers, e ensaios de adesividade e desgaste em micro-escala. Para os banhos contendo Fe-Nb/Al, foram obtidas camadas de NbC nos dois aços, com espessuras médias de 6,2 mícrons, quando produzida no aço AISI H13, e 15,6 mícrons para o aço AISI D2. No caso do banho com adição de Fe-V/Al, produziram-se camadas de VC, com espessuras médias de 5,8 e 14,2 mícrons, para os aços AISI H13 e D2, respectivamente. As durezas das camadas de NbC e VC situaram-se na faixa de 2338 a 2471HV. No caso dos banhos contendo Fe-Ti e Al ou apenas Al, foram produzidas camadas de boretos, principalmente FeB e Fe2B, com espessuras variando de 30 a 130 mícrons, e durezas médias na faixa de 1583 a 1742HV. Os ensaios de adesividade evidenciaram as excelentes aderências das camadas com os substratos. Todas as camadas apresentaram resistências ao desgaste muito superiores as dos substratos, destacando-se as camadas de NbC e VC. Os ensaios de desgaste em micro-escala foram realizados sob carga elevada e sem uso de abrasivo, simulando condições de desgaste adesivo-abrasivo, uma vez que inexistem dados a respeito desse comportamento. Com o decorrer do ensaio, o modo de desgaste passou de adesivo para abrasivo, o que foi registrado pela presença de sulcos paralelos e de superfícies polidas nas calotas de desgaste. / In the present work, hard and wear resistant layers, consisting of NbC, VC or Fe-B, were produced on AISI H13 and D2 steels, by thermo-reactive treatments in borax baths, added with Fe-Nb, Fe-V, Fe-Ti and Al. Samples were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS), Vickers microhardness, and adhesion and micro-scale wear tests. For the baths containing Fe-Nb/Al, the layers obtained on both steels consisted of NbC, with an average thickness of 6.2 micrometers, when formed on AISI H13 steel, and 15.6 micrometers for the AISI D2 steel. In the case of borax bath added with Fe-V/Al, the produced layers contained VC, which had average thicknesses of 5.8 and 14.2 micrometers, for the AISI H13 and D2 steels, respectively. The hardness of the NbC and VC layers varied from 2338 to 2471HV. In the case of the borax bath containing Fe-Ti and Al or only Al, boride layers were produced, mainly FeB and Fe2B, with depths ranging from 30 to 130 micrometers, and average hardnesses varying from 1583 to 1742HV. The obtained layers presented excellent adhesion to the substrates. All layers presented wear resistance superior to the substrates, mainly the NbC and VC layers. The micro-scale wear tests were performed under high applied loads and without addition of abrasive, thus simulating adhesive-abrasive wear conditions, as there is no existing data concerning this wear behavior. During the micro-scale wear test, the wear mode changed from adhesive wear to abrasive wear, which was verified by the presence of parallel grooves and smooth surfaces in the wear craters.

Diversos artigos têm sido publicados a fim de avaliar a influência de diferentes tratamentos de superfície de TiO2/Ti sobre atividade celular de osteoblastos, tentando estabelecer dessa forma a relação entre as propriedades de superfície e o processo de ossointegração. No entanto, ainda existem lacunas críticas na avaliação e compreensão do efeito das propriedades de superfície sobre atividade celular. Como muitos fatores podem influenciar na resposta celular, a avaliação da influência combinada dos diferentes parâmetros empregados dificulta a compreensão do efeito das propriedades superficiais no processo de osseointegração, bem como a comparação do desempenho de diferentes tratamentos de superfícies. Além disso, uma avaliação comparativa entre estudos realizados por diferentes autores é muito difícil pelo fato de que não seja adotada uma padronização dos experimentos, por exemplo quanto ao tipo de célula empregada no estudo, dentre outros. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho propõe o uso de um método computacional objetivando classificar e prever a resposta da atividade celular in vitro sobre superfícies de TiO2/Ti. A partir de resultados obtidos em artigos publicados por diferentes autores, foi construído um dataset relacionando a influência das propriedades de superfície TiO2/Ti (rugosidade e molhabilidade) sobre atividade celular e viabilidade pelo ensaio 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil tetrazólio bromide (MTT), empregando-se células osteoblásticas MC3TE-E1 e os mesmos critérios de monitoramento. Posteriormente foram aplicados os algoritmos de árvores de decisão J48 e SimpleCart para obter regras capazes de classificar e prever resultados da atividade celular em função das propriedades superficiais. A ferramenta empregada para gerar a árvore de decisão foi Weka. Dentre os algoritmos testados, o algoritmo SimpleCart apresentou uma melhor classificação, resultando em um coeficiente de Kappa de 40,45% contra o J48 o qual obteve um coeficiente de Kappa de 26,51%. Esse coeficiente é uma métrica utilizada para avaliar a qualidade da classificação da árvore de decisão. Nesse sentido, a árvore de decisão gerada permitiu identificar regras de decisão que podem ser empregados como um modelo preditivo e de classificação para o dataset construído, relacionando o efeito das propriedades superficiais (rugosidade e molhabilidade) de TiO2/Ti com a atividade celular. / Several articles have been published to evaluate the influence of different TiO2/Ti surface treatments on the cellular activity of osteoblasts, trying to establish the relationship between surface properties and the osseointegration process. However, there are still critical gaps in the assessment and understanding of the effect of these surface properties on the cellular activity. As many factors can influence on the cellular response, the combined influence evaluation of the different parameters applied makes it difficult to understand the effect of the surface properties on the osseointegration process, and the performance comparison of different surface treatments. In addition, a comparative evaluation between studies of different authors is very difficult to conduct because there is no pattering of experiments, for instance the cell type used in the study, among others. In this context, this paper proposes the use of a computational method aimed to classify and predict the cellular activity response in vitro on TiO2/Ti surfaces. From the results gotten in published articles of different authors, a dataset was built in order to relate the influence of TiO2/Ti surface properties (roughness and wettability) on the cellular activity and viability assay by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), using MC3TE-E1 osteoblastic cells, and the same monitoring criteria. Later the algorithms J48 and SimpleCart decision trees were applied to get rules able to classify and predict cellular activity results depending on the surface properties. Weka was the tool used to generate the decision tree. Among the tested algorithms, the SimpleCart algorithm presented the best classification, resulting in a Kappa coefficient of 40.45% compared to J48, which resulted in a Kappa coefficient of 26.51%. This coefficient is a metric used to evaluate the quality of the decision tree classification. In this way, the decision tree generated allowed the identification of decision rules that can be used as a predictive model for the dataset built related to the Ti/TiO2 surface properties (roughness and wettability) with the cellular activity.

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