Maintaining a functioning road network is a challenge in today’s society due to the financial restrictions faced by all levels of government. A means of determining how to efficiently spend their limited funding must be found. In addition, the concept of sustainable development is rapidly growing in today’s world pressuring municipalities towards operating in a more socially and environmentally friendly manner. Sustainability is broken down into three aspects which are economical, social and environmental. A truly sustainable pavement satisfies its functional requirements while aiding social and economic development and minimizing negative environmental impacts In response to the growing sustainability trend, the City of Markham is committed to incorporating sustainability into their daily operations. This thesis is the result of a research project with the City of Markham which is directed at incorporating sustainable practices into pavement engineering. The objective of this project is to provide a practical framework for incorporating pavement sustainability best practices into the pavement engineering operations at the City of Markham. This practical framework is developed through the completion of four primary objectives. The first main objective involves the completion of a comprehensive literature review that identifies and reviews the state-of-the-art sustainable pavement best practices. This literature review is divided into five pavement related categories which examine: materials, design and construction techniques, maintenance and rehabilitation techniques, sustainability evaluation systems and carbon footprinting. The second objective involves the quantification of the environmental, economic and carbon footprint impacts of the reviewed pavement best practices; this evaluation is conducted using PaLATE. PaLATE is an excel based software developed at the University of California for evaluating the economical and environmental impacts of various pavement technologies. The third objective involves the utilization of GreenPave for evaluating the environmental friendliness of the analysed pavement best practices. The green discounted life cycle cost (GDLCC) is calculated to include the economic aspect of sustainability. The final objective involves the development of project and network level frameworks. These two frameworks are connected which forms the final framework for incorporating sustainability into City of Markham’s pavement engineering operations. Guidelines for the proper utilization of the developed framework are provided. Through the completion of the literature review it is concluded that there is a wide variety of sustainable pavement technologies that range from project design to pavement decommission. PaLATE analysis results indicate that warm mix asphalt and full depth reclamation are the most environmentally friendly construction and rehabilitation techniques, respectively. Including recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) within pavement mix designs reduces both costs and environmental impacts. Excluding microsurfacing, full depth reclamation was the least expensive rehabilitation technique while hot mix asphalt with RAP was the cheapest construction technique. The same initial construction and rehabilitation techniques are evaluated using the GreenPave rating system. Pervious concrete scored the highest rating under the initial construction category with warm mix asphalt a close second. Cold in place recycling, cold in place with expanded asphalt and full depth reclamation all scored the highest under the rehabilitation category. In the future, the City of Markham may wish to alter the GreenPave rating system to be more reflective of municipal practices as the current version of GreenPave is weighted more heavily on high volume roads. To include the economical aspect, the green discounted life cycle cost (GDLCC) is calculated for all techniques. Hot mix asphalt with RAP and full depth reclamation resulted with the lowest GDLCC in the construction and rehabilitation categories, respectively. Finally, the recommended project and network level frameworks for incorporating sustainability into the pavement engineering practices at the City of Markham are proposed. On the project level, GreenPave evaluation and project level GDLCC aid decision makers in determining the most sustainable project alternative. On the network level, a pavement management system (PMS) serves as the platform. The role of a PMS is to provide recommendations on when and where rehabilitation is required and which rehabilitation technique is the most sustainable. The cost effectiveness and network level GDLCC indicators also aid pavement engineers in making network level decisions. The project and network level frameworks are connected to provide a complete pavement management framework for incorporating sustainability. The framework provides economic benefits by increasing the effectiveness of budget allocation; this is accomplished by maximizing the overall condition index gained to dollar spent ratio. The environmental benefits of this framework include the minimization of harmful gas emissions, project carbon footprints and energy and water consumption. The social issues of pavement projects are unique to each case and therefore must be addressed case by case. A common starting point when addressing these issues is provided.

The United Nations General Assembly declared the period from 2005 to 2014 as the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. The reason for the decade is a growing concern for future generations and their ability to deal with the very real and adverse consequences of decades of environmentally unconscious decisions made by their predecessors. When curricula are not focused on sustainable development, what role do teachers have in educating students to make ecologically sound decisions? This qualitative study was composed of a series of semi-structured interviews with four teacher participants at both middle school and high school who all strove to teach about sustainable development in their classrooms. Six themes were identified: motivations, teaching style, teachers perceptions of the impact on students learning, modeling, spirituality, and challenges to teaching about sustainable development. The teacher participants perceptions on empowerment, action projects, student response, and assessment are also discussed.

The ambition in this study is to acknowledge the importance of involving local people in sustainable development work. Also to emphasize the great value of collaboration between global organisations, grassroots organisations and local people in the progress of development work. The method being used in this thesis is mainly semi-structured interviews with six representatives from four different non-governmental organisations, NGOs. Two of these organisations have a more environmental and conservation purpose while the other two focus more on the human perspective as they are working with empowerment, education and food security.The area that I have chosen for this research is called Nilgiris which is located in south India. In this research I focused on World Wildlife Fund, WWF, as a global organisation and the purpose is to see whether or not they collaborate with some of the local grassroots organisations in the area. Local organisations generally have good contact with the local people so I consider them as a link between the global organisation and the local people. The theories I have used are a theory of sustainable development, which argues that none of the three approaches, economic, environmental or social can be excluded when sustainable development is pursued. I have also focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA, this theory is underlying the importance of the local people’s involvement and that organisations must trust the local people’s capacity. The third theory for this research is three interpretations of environment. The conclusion is that co-operation between the global and local organisations are essential in the process of making good sustainable development. The local people that are being affected and emerged in various development projects need to be involved and informed about the project´s aim for the projects to be successful.

Typhoon, Morakot lashed Taiwan. Many cities had been destroyed. Liouguei was one of disaster areas. Some roads, farms, rivers, industry had been strong damage. Travel industry was a typical case. Traveler numbers severely reduced after event. In order to reconstructed Liouguei. The research adopts sustainable development and Delphi method to study some strategies for Liouguei. The research surveyed sample from specialist s, who was industry personnel or Officials or academics. The research result is ¡§Prohibit overdevelopment Liouguei¡¨, ¡§Hold international activities¡¨, ¡§Training of tourism personnel¡¨. These Strategies are good with development in Liouguei.

Globally, concern for natural resource depletion is growing. The healthcare industry is looking to improve healthcare environments by improving design and using better resources. The U.S. Green Building Council has created the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standard that gives suggestions on how to best use energy, water, land, materials and provide a comfortable indoor environment. Many health centers have used this standard to build new health facilities. It is important that the LEED standards benefit the environment as well as healthcare staff. This study presents four case studies of LEED health centers whose medical staff and administrators evaluate the perceivable green building features applied to their facility. All facilities were given the Occupant Evaluation of LEED Certified Health Centers Survey. The Patrick Dollard Discovery Health Center, the Richard J. Lacks Cancer Center, the Angel Harvey Infant Welfare of Chicago, and the Pearland Pediatric centers received overall satisfactory scores from the occupants. Within the case studies variations in satisfaction occurred where LEED points were not received. There is no evidence that perceivable features used in the design and construction of LEED certified health centers decrease occupant satisfaction.

Sustainable development is one of the greatest challenges to urban planning in the 21st century. Current patterns of urban development, called byspecially sprawl, and human activity have led to environmental degradation and created a serious threat to continued human existence and sustainability of life on earth. The United States, concerns over consequences of urban sprawl have led to increased advocacy for more compact and traditional urban development. The compact city is now widely accepted as the most effective solution to sustainable urban form. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between sustainability and urban form. In order to achieve the aims of this study, 50 cities in the United States are analyzed and compared with the 2008 sustainable city rankings from the organization SustainLane, using four categories of urban form indicators: densities, mode of commute to work, mean travel time to work & traffic congestion cost, and planning & land use. This research is based on the hypothesis that a sustainable city has a compact city form. According to the SustainLane 2008 US sustainable city ranking high ranked cities were considered more sustainable cities and low ranked cities were regarded as less sustainable cities. Using SPSS’s correlation analysis tool, I studied the relationship between overall city ranking and four categories of urban form the indicators. The overall finding of the analysis of the relationship between each indicator and urban form yields mixed results. The result of this research found that that sustainable city and urban form has several correlations; densities, mode of commute to work, and planning and land use have a strong positive correlation with sustainable city; however, mean travel time to work and traffic congestion cost have a negative correlation with SustainLane’s sustainable city ranking. These results mean that sustainable cities which were high ranked cities in the SustainLane 2008 US sustainable city ranking have a high density, sustainable mode of commute to work, and strong planning and land use. Particularly, when a mixed land use, centeredness, and street connectivity were combined, the planning and land use category of indicators shows stronger correlation with sustainability. According to this result, these findings suggest that when the planning and land use indicators are combined synergistically compact urban form can be an indicator of a more sustainable city.

The era of globalization and knowledge-economy has become the trend of the world. The enterprise faces such environment must consider the way how to maintain the competitive advantage. The way of the competitive advantage can adopt global logistics which transfer some department to relative advantage country in order to improve it¡¦s productivity. In1987, the Government released the law about restricting people to contact between Taiwan and China, and the trade between Taiwan and China became more and more important. With the trend of economic community in globalization and the industrial environment that changed in Taiwan, the Taiwanese firms should think more about how to keep advantages in global competition. Internationalization is the best choice that can help Taiwanese firms promote their competitive position in the world. China is a developing market and having a lot advantages, such as rich resources and cheaper labors. In a word, China has become the major location of Taiwanese firm¡¦s foreign direct investment. Before setting up a plant,the enterprise needs to know why they try to do that? First, if they just do a trial investment, build an offshore factory is enough. Otherwise, the enterprise not only loss the capital and then will hurt the assets of headcompany. Until the branch is operated steadily; or finding another nich. Enterprise could invest more resource and change the invested way to other type such as resource plant model, contribution plant model, front plant model or leadership plant model. The purpose of this thesis is to study if the enterprise builds new plant should consider which relative plant location. These factors provide a building new plant decision-making and investment referential framework. In other word, through this way the enterprise acquired the lowest cost and improved the sustainable competitive advantage. According to scholar¡¦s research, the factor of plant location includes: cost, infrastructure, business service, labor, government, customer/market, supplier / source, competitor. If we analyze quantity and quality in these factor that discover some signification such as the labor, infrastructure, government. From the environmental factor aspect (such as plant size, industry), the enterprise emphasize labor, supplier¡¦s factor that will set up plant in Taiwan; Otherwise, the enterprise will set up plant in China when it enhances the customer and market. Finally, we give some conculsion and suggestion.

Surrounded by the ocean, Taiwan is geographically positioned along the rim of the continental shelf and Deep Ocean. Owing to the terrain distribution and geological characteristics of this island, the coastline possesses abundant sand dune resources, which is considered priceless not only as the last natural defense system of the coast but also for the functions it performs in various aspects including tourism attractions, academic contributions, and biological environment. Since the scarcity of ground in Taiwan, high demand of land usage often endangers coastal dunes. Consequently, coastal dunes are facing serious issues regarding rubbish dumping, wastewater accumulation, manmade misuse, development of industrial estate, and barrier flat exploitation. Currently, Taiwanese government has not yet established an ordinance; neither have we advanced policy of coastal dunes protections, nor have we adopted the Seashore Pact. Barely a few enactments scattered in assorted pacts. The argument in this research is primarily centering on Taiwanese coastal dunes, ranging from the functions and values of sand dunes resources to international trends of sand dunes reservations. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to deliberate real conditions and contemporary management mishaps of coastal dunes in Taiwan, in order to further strategize the sustainability and managerial implications.

Using the strategic planning of market orientation as the foundation, this study investigates how to increase local industry economic value. First, the theory of marketing place will be provided to understand the essences for marketing place. Then analyze and induct it in the primary consideration of regional construction and regional economic development. Part II integrates the idea of strategic planning and the concept of local development in order to understand the application value of the future local development; in addition, the strategic planning of market orientation is mainly adopted in strategic planning to investigate the relations of overall development of local resources. Finally, the general situation and the development term analysis of Yen-chao Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien was illustrated to explore the drawing up of developing objective and marketing place strategies of Yen-chao Hsiang and control and evaluate the operation of the whole strategy. The main contents consist of the making of developing objective of Yen-chao Hsiang, regional marketing strategies and planning of Yen-chao Hsiang, and drawing up and control and evaluation of executing design. In order to define the developing function, the subsequent objective, subject, strategies, and idea, this study analyzes the interior and exterior environment of Yen-chao Hsiang through SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is performed to explore strengths and weaknesses of the interior environment and opportunities and threats of the exterior environment of Yen-chao Hsiang, and to propose the objective, subject, strategy and idea to conform to the given strengths and opportunities and avoid weaknesses and possible threats of Yen-chao Hsiang for getting the most suitable developing direction and conceptual framework. In general, the purpose of this study intends to take the development of an area, especially to those areas (districts) which take industries, tourism development as their principal construction, as a ¡§merchandise,¡¨ with the theory and concept of a merchandise or industry promotion and with the consideration of market competition and orientation, we can investigate and map out the subject and strategy of its development. In Yen-chao Hsien, it is proved that a part of them are focused on three main objects as college teachers and students, new residents and citizens to be, in drawing up a contribution selling plan (4P). The study showed that to take the promotion of a city or district as an enterprise in the future and to consider its management and operation, actively to promote the strategy of marketing, will be an important point of consideration and style for the development of many places in Taiwan. Therefore, we suggest the future researchers to analyze and study the concept and theory of enterprise operation and management as well as market operation and competition deeply and firmly, and to combine them closely with local administrative managements, future industry development in every effort and to make discussions. Key words: marketing place, SWOT, sustainable development

The beautiful Penghu Archipelagos is a prefecture which has most amount islands of our country. It has about ninety islands, but all of the islands, uninhabited islands are about seventy- one. They have unique features. In recent years, the issue of island was very important on international. Because of that, many countries organized international conference of island continually. They wish they can have a common view in development and idea of island. That is sustainable management. The islands are very special. So they are important heritage of people and everyone think islands are very important. But the damage of islands was to be there for all to see. Our country was not to pay much attention to the issue of island, So we have not the administration of archipelagos and laws or regulations, For this reason, this study applies the major research methods including on-site observation, literature review and in-depth interview. Through the major research methods, the study found some question of Penghu Archipelagos as tourism, smuggling, geography management and the fisherman of China to operator in our waters. All of those questions are about human activities, and we have not complete policy and education of archipelagos. Therefore, the study also analyze the questions for Penghu Archipelagos with SWOT method. Some archipelagos conservation and management cases discussed in this study include China, Indonesia, Japan and Finland. With this idea of other country, the thesis then makes a proposal to protect archipelagos in Penghua. Penghua Island didn¡¦t have the question of sovereign rights, so it didn¡¦t have international dispute in management. But the other remote islands (Kinmen, Matzu, Dongsha and Nanshn)have very long distance with Taiwan, so they have some question of sovereign rights. Many countries make improvement in their question of archipelagos, and those questions will get better solutions in the future, All of the suggests to be include in follow research, that will make the literature on archipelagos more exciting.