The primary purpose of the current research was to implement a numerical model to investigate the interactions between the energy consumption in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and occupants’ thermal comfort in commercial buildings. A numerical model was developed to perform a thermal analysis of a single zone and simultaneously investigate its occupants’ thermal sensations as a non-linear function of the thermal environmental (i.e. temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and air speed) and personal factors (i.e. activity and clothing). The zone thermal analyses and thermal comfort calculations were carried out by applying the heat balance method and current thermal comfort standard (ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004) respectively. The model was then validated and applied on a single generic zone, representing the perimeter office spaces of the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), to investigate the impacts of variation in occupants’ behaviors, building’s envelope, HVAC system, and climate on both energy consumption and thermal comfort. Regarding the large number of parameters involved, the initial summer and winter screening analyses were carried out to determine the measures that their impacts on the energy and/or thermal comfort were most significant. These analyses showed that, without any incremental cost, the energy consumption in both new and existing buildings may significantly be reduced with a broader range of setpoints, adaptive clothing for the occupants, and higher air exchange rate over the cooling season. The effects of these measures as well as their combination on the zone thermal performance were then studied in more detail with the whole year analyses. These analyses suggest that with the modest increase in the averaged occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction, the combination scenario can notably reduce the total annual energy consumption of the baseline zone. Considering the global warming and the life of a building, the impacts of climate change on the whole year modeling results were also investigated for the year 2050. According to these analyses, global warming reduced the energy consumption for both the baseline and combination scenario, thanks to the moderate and cold climate of Vancouver.

This thesis reports a new set of experimental data and presents an in-depth analysis of the flow physics of a jet stream produced by a large quarter-round corner-mounted displacement diffuser. The air velocity, temperature and turbulence intensity inside the displacement ventilation (DV) jet have been thoroughly analyzed and compared with the reported findings of previous studies and model predictions. Furthermore, thermal comfort has been analyzed using the measured data following the ASHRAE standard. This thesis also aims at establishing an accurate numerical approach for simulating the heat and fluid flow in a room ventilated by a DV system. The supply boundary condition has been thoroughly investigated, which includes tests of the conventional box and momentum modeling methods, and proposal of a more accurate modeling approach. In addition, the predictive accuracy of the standard k-ϵ, RNG k-ϵ, SST k-ω and RSM turbulence models has been examined against the experimental data.

Unfavorable thermal comfort conditions are common in the non-conditioned apartment buildings typical of Dhaka (Ali, 2007; Hafiz, 2004). Causes behind such unfavorable thermal comfort conditions include (but are not limited to) Dhaka?s climate, microclimate in Dhaka's typical residential neighborhood, its socio-economic context, housing type, and its inadequate planning regulations. Dhaka's climate is hot humid but it can be tackled with well designed buildings as well as well as designed neighborhoods, both of which demands ample open space. However, due to land scarcity and high population density, building developments lack open spaces and that results in unfavorable thermal comfort conditions in apartment buildings. Dhaka?s previous zoning regulations were unable to control this dense development, and therefore, a new set of zoning regulations were enacted (2008). However, no post-evaluation study was conducted to research the effect of this new set of regulations. The intention of this research is to first evaluate the existing regulations, and second, to suggest appropriate zoning regulation schemes for Dhaka's non-conditioned apartment buildings (for a lot size of 1/3 acre), which would provide favorable thermal comfort conditions without changing its existing density. To accomplish the first goal, this research analyzed two existing zoning schemes (one based on regulations of 1996, and the other based on the regulations of 2008). To accomplish the second goal, this research analyzed two hypothetical zoning schemes. The hypothetical ones were studied because this research finds 1996 and 2008 regulations to be two extremes (in terms of allowing open space and building height), and therefore examination of in-between alternative zoning schemes seemed essential for this study. To analyze the four zoning regulation schemes' impact on thermal comfort in apartment buildings, four sets of built environment were created in EnergyPlus (Energy Simulation software) as well as in Fluent (Computational Fluid Dynamics software). Each set of built environment is a cluster of nine buildings; and each set is different from each other in terms of their building footprints and building heights. The building on the center was modeled implicitly, and remaining buildings were modeled as solid blocks (to act as neighboring buildings) for blocking sun and wind. The ES and CFD software simulated possible solar, daylight, and wind availability inside the central building, and consequently produce data on thermal comfort conditions, namely indoor temperature and air velocity. The simulation results were compared to see which zoning schemes provided the most favorable thermal comfort conditions. This research found one of the in-between schemes (60% allowable footprint, 9-story height limit) to be more appropriate in terms of thermal comfort conditions than the other three schemes; because it provides better solar protection and better natural ventilation and consequently it reduces indoor temperature and increases indoor air velocity.

This thesis reports a new set of experimental data and presents an in-depth analysis of the flow physics of a jet stream produced by a large quarter-round corner-mounted displacement diffuser. The air velocity, temperature and turbulence intensity inside the displacement ventilation (DV) jet have been thoroughly analyzed and compared with the reported findings of previous studies and model predictions. Furthermore, thermal comfort has been analyzed using the measured data following the ASHRAE standard. This thesis also aims at establishing an accurate numerical approach for simulating the heat and fluid flow in a room ventilated by a DV system. The supply boundary condition has been thoroughly investigated, which includes tests of the conventional box and momentum modeling methods, and proposal of a more accurate modeling approach. In addition, the predictive accuracy of the standard k-ϵ, RNG k-ϵ, SST k-ω and RSM turbulence models has been examined against the experimental data.

The primary purpose of the current research was to implement a numerical model to investigate the interactions between the energy consumption in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and occupants’ thermal comfort in commercial buildings. A numerical model was developed to perform a thermal analysis of a single zone and simultaneously investigate its occupants’ thermal sensations as a non-linear function of the thermal environmental (i.e. temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and air speed) and personal factors (i.e. activity and clothing). The zone thermal analyses and thermal comfort calculations were carried out by applying the heat balance method and current thermal comfort standard (ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004) respectively. The model was then validated and applied on a single generic zone, representing the perimeter office spaces of the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), to investigate the impacts of variation in occupants’ behaviors, building’s envelope, HVAC system, and climate on both energy consumption and thermal comfort. Regarding the large number of parameters involved, the initial summer and winter screening analyses were carried out to determine the measures that their impacts on the energy and/or thermal comfort were most significant. These analyses showed that, without any incremental cost, the energy consumption in both new and existing buildings may significantly be reduced with a broader range of setpoints, adaptive clothing for the occupants, and higher air exchange rate over the cooling season. The effects of these measures as well as their combination on the zone thermal performance were then studied in more detail with the whole year analyses. These analyses suggest that with the modest increase in the averaged occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction, the combination scenario can notably reduce the total annual energy consumption of the baseline zone. Considering the global warming and the life of a building, the impacts of climate change on the whole year modeling results were also investigated for the year 2050. According to these analyses, global warming reduced the energy consumption for both the baseline and combination scenario, thanks to the moderate and cold climate of Vancouver.

This work aims the analysis of two typologies of the most used industrial buildings in the region of the Municipality of Panambi-RS, one with Shed Cover and the other with Continuous Vent Cover. A survey on constructive characteristics was conducted, relating them to the thermal performance, of the buildings and to the thermal comfort conditions which were obtained from measurements of the ambient variables of air temperature, radiant medium temperature, relative humidity and air velocity for summer and winter periods. The human variables, metabolic rate of heat production and clothing used by the workers, were also analyzed. With the results obtained, the thermal performance was analyzed relating to the temperature outside the buildings, and an evaluation of the thermal comfort was conducted inside the working environments. Two alternatives were then presented to enhance the environments of these buildings mainly concerning to decrease the thermal transmittance and the absorption coefficient of evolving solar radiation of buildings and also improvements of thermal conditions of external air. The study offers important inputs and boundaries for future projects of industrial pavilions. / Esse trabalho objetiva a análise de duas tipologias de pavilhões industriais mais comumente encontradas na região do Município de Panambi-RS, uma em Cobertura Shed e a outra em Cobertura Lanternim. Realizou-se o levantamento das características construtivas, relacionado as ao desempenho térmico dos pavilhões e às condições de conforto térmico, as quais foram obtidas à partir de medições das variáveis ambientais de temperatura do ar, temperatura média radiante, umidade relativa e velocidade do ar para os períodos de verão e inverno. As variáveis humanas, taxa metabólica de produção de calor e a vestimenta utilizada pelos funcionários, também foram avaliadas. Com os resultados obtidos foi analisado o comportamento térmico dos pavilhões em relação a temperatura externa, e efetuado uma avaliação do conforto térmico no interior dos ambientes de trabalho. Foram então apresentadas alternativas para a melhoria dos ambientes desses pavilhões, principalmente com relação à redução da transmitância térmica e do coeficiente de absorção da radiação solar da envolvente dos pavilhões, e melhoria das condições de ventilação e das condições térmicas do ar externo. O trabalho fornece subsídios e condicionantes importantes para projetos futuros de pavilhões industriais.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Banca: Felipe Rinaldo Queiroz de Aquino / Banca: Luiz Octávio Mattos dos Reis / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa edifícios que, devido a sua arquitetura moderna, utilizam grande superfície de vidro nas fachadas apresentando, na maior parte das vezes, problemas de conforto térmico. Como objeto deste estudo decidiu-se por um prédio da UNESP, campus de Guaratinguetá. A análise realizada foi baseada no estudo da insolação (diagrama solar), em medidas locais de temperatura, umidade e no levantamento da carga térmica, objetivando avaliar as condições do edifício e propor soluções visando um melhor conforto térmico com a otimização do consumo de energia elétrica. / Abstract: This work analyzes buildings that, due to their modern architecture, use a great glass surface in the facades presenting, most of the time, problems of thermal comfort. As object of this study we chose a building of UNESP, campus of Guaratingueta. The accomplished analysis was based on the study of the heatstroke (solar diagram), in measuring temperature places, humidity and in the rising of the thermal load, aiming at evaluating the conditions of the building and to propose solutions seeking a better thermal comfort with the optimization of the consumption of electric energy. / Mestre

An integrated heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is one of the most important components to determining the energy consumption of the entire building. For commercial buildings, particularly office buildings and schools, the heating and cooling loads are largely dependent on the occupant behavioral patterns such as occupancy rates and their activities. Therefore, if HVAC systems can respond to dynamic occupancy profiles, there is a large potential to reduce energy consumption. However, currently, most of existing HVAC systems operate without the ability to adjust supply air rate accordingly in response to the dynamic profiles of occupants. Due to this inefficiency, much of the HVAC energy use is wasted, particularly when the conditioned spaces are unoccupied or under-occupied (less occupants than the intended design). The solution to this inefficiency is to control HVAC system based on dynamic occupant profiles. Motivated by this, the research provides a real-time vision-based occupant pattern recognition system for occupancy counting as well as activity level classification. The proposed vision-based system is integrated into the existing HVAC simulation model of a U.S. office building to investigate the level of energy savings as well as thermal comfort improvement compared to traditional existing HVAC control system. The research is divided into two parts. The first part is to use an open source library based on neural network for real-time occupant counting and background subtraction method for activity level classification with a common static RGB camera. The second part utilizes a DOE reference office building model with customized dynamic occupancy schedule, including the number of occupant schedule, activity schedule and clothing insulation schedule to identify the potential energy savings compared with conventional HVAC control system. The research results revealed that vision-based systems can detect occupants and classify activity level in real time with accuracy around 90% when there are not many occlusions. Additionally, the dynamic occupant schedules indeed can bring about energy savings. Details of vision-based system, methodology, simulation configurations and results will be presented in the paper as well as potential opportunities for use throughout multiple types of commercial buildings, specifically focused on office and educational institutes.

Orientador: Daniella Jorge de Moura / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_KarlaAndreaOliveirade_D.pdf: 5594209 bytes, checksum: 2fd1cc47487130c9ee71f42506d49d72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A produção de gases no interior de galpões e suas emissões estão intimamente ligados ao microclima estabelecido no galpão pela sua temperatura, umidade e velocidade do ar. Sendo assim, o ambiente gerado no galpão, é por sua vez influenciado pela tipologia construtiva dos galpões e pelo sistema de ventilação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo geral avaliar os ambientes aéreo e térmico de galpões visando caracterizar as condições de criação de frango de corte, com base na qualidade da cama e do ar, gerados em galpões com ventilação mecânica positiva e negativa. Este projeto foi realizado em três granjas localizadas no estado de São Paulo pertencentes a duas integradoras distintas, onde oito aviários, sendo 4 do tipo pressão positiva e 4 do tipo do tipo pressão negativa, chamados de Blue house e Dark house. Foram avaliados Nestes galpões foi realizado o monitoramento das variáveis climáticas, a performance dos sistemas de ventilação utilizados, os níveis de concentração e emissão da amônia e dióxido de carbono, as condições da cama, seu pH, umidade, temperatura e condição microbiológica e serão correlacionadas a qualidade da cama gerada com a porcentagem de problemas locomotores e mortalidade dos lotes criados em galpões com ventilação mecânica positiva e negativa, em lotes com cama nova e reutilizada. Os resultados mostraram a influência dos galpões de pressão negativa na taxa de emissão de gases, CO2 e NH3 devido às suas maiores taxas de ventilação com valores que variaram de 0,25 - 0,51 gNH3/ave/dia e 387 a 907 KgCO2/galpão/dia. De acordo com o tipo de cama, se nova ou reutilizada os valores de emissão foram mais baixos para os galpões com cama nova, mesmo quando comparado os sistemas dentre si, p-valor <0,05. Os sistemas de ventilação negativa apresentaram maior consumo energético caracterizado pela potência dos seus exaustores e pelo manejo da ventilação constantemente usada durante todo o ciclo de criação. Os galpões não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os seus dados zootécnicos o que caracterizou que o manejo adotado pelas integradoras foi satisfatório à produção. Através desta avaliação foi possível observar a distinção entre os sistemas de ventilação positiva e negativa quanto à emissão de gases, ao consumo energético e a sua produtividade e a viabilidade do sistema de pressão negativa na produção de frangos de corte. / Abstract: Gases production and its emission in broilers housing are related to the microclimate established in terms of temperature, humidity and air speed inside the housing. So, the environment generated in the housing is influenced by the constructive characteristics of the barn and by the adopted ventilation system. This work had as general objective to evaluate aerial and thermal environments of broiler housings aiming to characterize the conditions of broiler production, looking for the litter and air quality generated in barns with positive and negative ventilation systems. This project was carried out in three farms located in São Paulo State, under two different integrator companies responsible for the flocks management. In the total eight broiler houses were evaluated being four houses named positive pressure and four named negative pressure. Both systems were mechanically ventilated systems. Climatic variables, the performance of ventilation systems, gases concentration levels and emissions were monitored in these houses. Further research was carried out about the litter condition, its pH, humidity, temperature and its correlation between litter quality and mortality and lameness incidence on the flocks The results showed the influence of the negative pressure systems on the, CO2 and NH3 emission rate due to their higher ventilation rates with values ranging from 0.25 to 0.51 and from 387 to 907 gNH3/bird/day and KgCO2 /house /day. The emissions rates were lower according to the type of litter, new or built-up even when compared among the systems themselves, p-value <0.05. Negative pressure systems had higher energy consumption characterized by the power of exhausters motor and ventilation management that was constantly running throughout the growing period. The broiler houses showed no statistically significant differences between their data production that means that management adopted by integrator companies was satisfactory. Through this assessment it was possible to observe the distinction between the positive and negative ventilation systems on the emissions rates, energy consumption and its productivity where it was also noticed the viability of the negative pressure system in the broilers production. / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Doris C. C. K. Kowaltowski / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Watrin_VanessadaRosa_M.pdf: 5056574 bytes, checksum: 9c3e492b4f0de5a03e722ddb3715f321 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa se concentra na área da habitação de interesse social e busca trazer contribuições para o conforto térmico de moradias autoconstruídas, a partir da experiência da arquitetura tradicional. O objetivo principal é investigar o que é considerado como tradição e qual é a noção de conforto térmico, em relação à moradia, que os autoconstrutores da cidade de Campinas-SP possuem. A arquitetura autoconstruída é uma forma de moradia muito presente na população de baixa renda e já chega a ser o modo predominante de se morar no Brasil, por isso a qualidade de vida que estas moradias proporcionam à população é de extrema importância. Como as condições climáticas locais não são rigorosas, não encontramos nas casas autoconstruídas uma presença sistemática de elementos arquitetônicos tradicionais positivos, demonstrando que a população de autoconstrutores não tem uma preocupação com, ou não prioriza as questões climáticas. Contudo, é de nosso interesse que o conhecimento acumulado pela arquitetura tradicional seja transmitido para os autoconstrutores, já que a arquitetura vernacular tradicional é internacionalmente conhecida por ter uma consciência profunda do clima e por garantir níveis satisfatórios de qualidade ambiental às construções / Abstract: The current research concentrates on low-income housing and tries to contribute knowledge on self-built houses and their thermal comfort, based on traditional architecture of the region. The main goal was to determine what self-builders consider to be tradition; how they relate this concept to house building and whether traditional methods contribute toward comfort. The self-built house can be said to be the most common solution to the housing deficit of lowincome families in Brazil. Results of the study showed that no systematic presence of positive traditional architectural elements was found in self-built houses. The local non-rigorous climate conditions also do not stimulate specific building techniques and designs. The simple self-built house of today was identified as the traditional house, demonstrating a lack of knowledge related to the historical development of the house in Brazil. The study found, on the whole, that good building practice is not transmitted from generation to generation, simple traditional construction techniques persist. For traditional positive elements to regain their place in house design consciousness must be stimulated amongst the self-builder population through technical aid and examples. This quest is based on the accumulated knowledge on traditional architecture and the well-known environmental comfort qualities of vernacular architecture worldwide / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil