• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 129
  • 61
  • 22
  • 14
  • 13
  • 12
  • 12
  • 12
  • 12
  • 12
  • 12
  • 12
  • 8
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 324
  • 54
  • 39
  • 33
  • 31
  • 27
  • 26
  • 23
  • 23
  • 21
  • 21
  • 19
  • 19
  • 17
  • 17
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

RP-HPLC separation and kinetics of the decomposition products of tryptophan amadori compound

Forage, Nazhat George January 1990 (has links)
No description available.
82

Tryptophan synthetase in pea seedlings and some effects of tryptophan on excised root cultures

Chen, James Chang-Yau. January 1967 (has links)
No description available.
83

Stability of Tryptophan in Parenteral Amino Acid Solutions: Identification of Degradation Products and Development of HPLC Analysis Methods / Stabilität von Tryptophan in parenteralen Aminosäure-Lösungen: Identifizierung von Abbauprodukten und Entwicklung von analytischen HPLC Methoden

Unger, Nina January 2020 (has links) (PDF)
The stability of Trp in pure solutions and in parenteral AA formulations was evaluated with regard to typically used manufacturing processes, storage conditions and primary packaging. Therefore, thorough stability studies on Trp solutions were conducted beforehand. The applied stressing method, i.e. steam sterilization by autoclave, are chemically seen relatively mild but showed to be efficient to induce Trp degradation in the presence of oxygen. Subsequent identification, separation and characterization were challenging due to similar substance properties, numerous stereoisomers and pairs of diastereomers found amongst them. However, the identified o-aminoacetophenone compounds, Kyn and NFK, are associated with photo reactivity and have photo-oxidizing properties. Thus, best possible protection from UV-light, together with strict oxygen expulsion, are the most important criteria to impede Trp degradation after autoclaving. The identification of Trp degradation products was assisted by the compilation of a substance library, which included manifold reported and chemically plausible Trp degradation substances. The substances were classified for priority and their early or late-stage occurrence. The large number of possible substances and stereoisomers was narrowed down with the information retrieved from LC-UV/MS experiments. However, final identification was achieved by the synthesis of proposed substances as references. The following eight substances were characterized as Trp degradation substances: Kyn, NFK and three pairs of diastereomers R,R/R,S DiOia, R,R/R,S Oia and cis/trans PIC. Fig. 33 shows the proposed degradation pathway and demonstrates the close chemical relationship, which may be an explanation for the conversion of some substances into each other during the storage period. The proposed pathway brings together the results of different Trp stability and stressing studies, respectively [89, 94, 97, 98, 103, 133]. To our knowledge, the simultaneous formation of the identified degradation substances has not been reported before and especially not under the stressing conditions applied. The application of a traditional RP-HPLC method was compared to two developed IP-HPLC methods and a RP-HPLC methods using a modified perfluorinated column. Orthogonal analyses methods and especially the combination of UV and MS detection are necessary in order to indicate potentially undetected degradation substances. Main evaluation criteria were the separation performance, analyses time, reproducibility and feasibility. The best results upon assessment of all Trp degradation products, in both; pure Trp solutions and pharmaceutical formulations, were obtained by a traditional RP-HPLC. The optimized method was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2(R1) and meets the criteria of a stability-indicating HPLC-UV method. The validated method has a sufficient separation performance with an adequate selectivity indicating the Trp degradation substances next to each other and next to other AAs in finished pharmaceutical formulations. The detailed knowledge of Trp degradation and the method presented may be transferred practically to the pharmaceutical industry processing Trp-containing products. In general, the findings might contribute to the quality management of such pharmaceutical products during manufacturing and storage. Additionally, the study results provide basic information for the establishment of an impurity consideration following the ICH guidelines Q3B (R2) (impurities in new drug products) for products containing Trp. However, further development of the method applying more sophisticated detectors or more potent HPLC techniques like e.g. UHPLC and the implication of more sensitive (MS) detectors like ToF-MS would be advantageous with regard to economic and practical aspects. / Diese Arbeit dient der Stabilitätsbeurteilung von Tryptophan (Trp) in parenteralen Aminosäurelösungen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Einflussfaktoren wie der Herstellungsprozess, z.B. der Sterilisationsvorgang, Lagerungsbedingungen, sowie die Art der verwendeten Primärverpackung. Zunächst wurde die Stabilität von reinen Trp-Lösungen untersucht, die mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Sterilisationszyklen im Autoklav ausgesetzt wurden. Generell stellt der Autoklavierprozess eine Vergleichsweise milde und kontrollierte Art der Hitzebelastung dar. Dabei wurde zwischen Lösungen unterschieden, die Sauerstoff enthielten und Lösungen, in denen der gelöste Sauerstoff mittels Stickstoffgas ausgetrieben wurde und die anschließend luftdicht verschlossen wurden. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Autoklavierprozess, in Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff, zu einem Abbau von Trp führt, welcher sich außerdem auch durch eine Gelbfärbung der Lösungen zeigt. Die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Abbauprodukte erwies sich als schwierig aufgrund von sehr ähnlichen Substanzen, die eine Trennung mittels HPLC und die UV-Detektion alleine erschwerten. Die Massenspektroskopie zeigte erst, dass einige Abbauprodukte zeitgleich eluieren und einige isomere Formen vorliegen. Mithilfe von preparativer HPLC und Fragmentierung in der Ionenfalle konnten drei Diastereomeren-Paare gefunden werden, R,R/R,S Oia und DiOia, cis/trans PIC und zwei weitere Substanzen, Kyn und NFK. Die beiden letztgenannten Stoffe haben eine Sonderstellung, denn sie besitzen jeweils ein o-Aminoacetophenon-Grundgerüst anstelle des Indols, und absorbieren dadurch zusätzlich bei Wellenlängen von > 320 nm, und wirken photosensibilisierend, wodurch die Stabilität von Trp (unter Lichteinstrahlung) zusätzlich nachteilig beeinflusst wird. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass der Abbau von Trp in Lösungen maßgeblich durch strengen Sauerstoff- und Lichtausschluss verhindert werden kann. Die Abbildung Fig. 33 zeigt schematisch, wie die einzelnen Abbauprodukte möglicherweise entstehen und zusammenhängen könnten. Die Aufstellung der chemischen Zusammenhänge beruht auf den Ergebnissen verschiedener Trp-Stabilitätsstudien und bringt diese auf einen Nenner [89, 94, 97, 98, 103, 133]. Soweit durch die Literaturrecherche bekannt, wurde das zeitgleiche Auftreten aller hier identifizierten Abbauprodukte bislang noch nicht dokumentiert. Insbesondere wurden keine Studien über Stabilitätsprobleme, bedingt durch die Wasserdampf- Sterilisation gefunden. Des Weiteren zeigten die quantitativen Untersuchungen von Lösungen, die eine Woche, ein und drei Jahre (nach einmaligem Autoklavieren) eingelagert wurden, dass die Abbauprodukte nicht linear entstehen und zunehmen, sondern, dass sich deren prozentuale Anteile dynamisch verändern (Kapitel 3.2.). Für die Identifizierung der Abbauprodukte von Trp war die Zusammenstellung einer Substanz- Bibliothek äußerst hilfreich. Sie beinhaltet chemisch plausible Trp-Abbauprodukte, sowie aus der Literatur bekannte Abbauprodukte, die durch verschiedenste Stressmethoden hervorgerufen werden. Diese Substanzen wurden nach Plausibilität und Priorität kategorisiert, um ein gezieltes Screening in gestressten (autoklavierten) Trp-Lösungen durchzuführen. Zusammen mit den Ergebnissen der LC-UV/MS Analyse konnte die Auswahl auf einige wenige Abbauprodukte begrenzt werden. Da es sich dabei um Isomere handelte, gelang die Identifizierung letztendlich erst durch die Synthese der in Frage kommenden Stoffe. Mithilfe der Synthese der Referenzsubstanzen konnte eine HPLC-UV Methode entwickelt, optimiert und nach den ICH Q2(R1) Richtlinien validiert werden, die eine Quantifizierung der Substanzen in reinen Trp-, und in handelsüblichen parenteralen Aminosäurelösungen ermöglicht. Für die validierte Methode wurde als stationäre Phase eine herkömmliche C18- Säule verwendet. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde eine Methode auf einer Pentafluorophenyl (PFP)-Säule entwickelt und optimiert (Method D 1 und D 2), sowie zwei RP-Methoden mit zwei analogen Ionen-Paar-Reagenzien (Method B und C). Verglichen und beurteilt wurden dabei die Trennleistungen, Analysendauer, Reproduzierbarkeit und die praktische Anwendbarkeit der jeweiligen Methoden. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden aber mittels der traditionellen RP-HPLC erreicht. Die Ergebnisse könnten für die Herstellung, Lagerung und Beurteilung von Trp-haltigen Lösungen durchaus relevant sein. Eine strenge Kontrolle der Sauerstoffwerte sowie ein kontinuierlicher Lichtschutz während und nach der Verarbeitung sind unverzichtbar. Die Ergebnisse erlauben außerdem ein gezieltes Screening nach Abbauprodukten, bzw. „Markern“. Die Erstellung von Beurteilungen, wie es z.B in den ICH Q3B(R2) Richtlinien gefordert ist, wird erleichtert, da die Identität bestimmt wurde und eine validierte Quantifizierungsmethode entwickelt wurde. Die Methode könnte für industrielle Zwecke noch weiter optimiert werden, indem z.B. eine UHPLC entwickelt wird oder sensiblere Detektoren, wie z.B. ein ToF- Massendetektor, verwendet werden. Letztendlich sollte allerdings von der Arzneibuchmethode abgegrenzt werden, die Verunreinigungen aus dem Trp-Herstellungsprozess erfasst (1,1´ Ethyliden(bis)Trp). Die hier entwickelte Methode erfasst die Abbauprodukte von Trp in reinen Trp und in Trp-haltigen Aminosäurelösungen, die typischerweise durch Fehler bei der Herstellung oder den Autoklavierprozess hervorgerufen werden können.
84

Dynamics and function: mechanistic studies of the gene regulatory proteins TRAP and anti-TRAP

McElroy, Craig Alan 05 April 2005 (has links)
No description available.
85

Ultrafast Protein Hydration Dynamics Probed by Intrinsic Tryptophan

Zhang, Luyuan 09 September 2010 (has links)
No description available.
86

Gene-enzyme relations affecting tryptophan biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

Smithers, Charles M. January 1974 (has links)
Earlier investigations indicated that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan from anthranilic acid were located in at least two separate regions on the chromosome of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Tryptophan-requiring mutants capable of utilizing indole mapped counterclockwise of hisC9 between hisC9 and proAl. Trp mutants unable to use indole in place of tryptophan mapped clockwise of hisC9 between hisC9 and ammA5. Other genetic markers, located between proAl and hisC9, include leuAl, rif'B37 and thiC2. Twenty indole-utilizing Trp mutants were mapped relative to leuAl, rifB37 and thiC2. All but two recently isolated mutants, Trp-e8 and e22, mapped between rifB37 and thiC2. Genetic and enzymatic analyses of Trp-e8 and e22 indicate that these mutants map between hisC9 and ammA5, fail to complement each other in vivo and lack indoleglycerol phosphate synthase. Two mutants, Trp-e14 and 8, mapping between hisC9 and ammA5 were assayed for their tryptophan enzymes. Trp-el4 lacks tryptophan synthase B activity. Tryptophan synthase A activity was missing and tryptophan synthase B activity was relatively weak in crude extracts of Trp-8. Anthranilate-PRPP phosphoribosyltransferase activity was not detected in crude extracts of two mutants, Trp-e6 and e10, mapping between rifB37 and thiC2. / Master of Science
87

A Procedure for the Separation and Quantitation of Tryptophan and Amino Sugars on the Amino Acid Analyzer

Johnson, David A. 15 April 1983 (has links)
Tryptophan, 5-methyl tryptophan, glucosamine, and galactosamine can be separated from each other and hydrolysis products including lysinoalanine by chromatography on a 6 × 260-mm column of W-3H resin. The column is developed at 70°C for 20 min with pH 3.95 (0.4 m Na+) buffer, followed by pH 6.4 (1 m Na+) buffer for 55 min using a Beckman 119 CL amino acid analyzer. The recovery of the internal standards, 5-methyl tryptophan and galactosamine, can then be used to correct for tryptophan and glucosamine losses, respectively. The procedure uses the column and buffers normally employed for protein hydrolysate analysis and does not require additional resin columns, special buffers, or flow rate changes.
88

Activation of the kynurenine pathway and increased production of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid following traumatic brain injury in humans

Yan, Edwin B., Frugier, Tony, Lim, Chai K., Heng, Benjamin, Sundaram, Gayathri, Tan, May, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V., Walker, David W., Guillemin, Gilles J., Morganti-Kossmann, Maria C. January 2015 (has links)
ABSTRACT: During inflammation, the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolises the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) potentially contributing to excitotoxicity via the release of quinolinic acid (QUIN) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK). Despite the importance of excitotoxicity in the development of secondary brain damage, investigations on the KP in TBI are scarce. In this study, we comprehensively characterised changes in KP activation by measuring numerous metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from TBI patients and assessing the expression of key KP enzymes in brain tissue from TBI victims. Acute QUIN levels were further correlated with outcome scores to explore its prognostic value in TBI recovery. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with severe TBI (GCS ≤ 8, three patients had initial GCS = 9-10, but rapidly deteriorated to ≤8) were recruited. CSF was collected from admission to day 5 post-injury. TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), QUIN, anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) were measured in CSF. The Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score was assessed at 6 months post-TBI. Post-mortem brains were obtained from the Australian Neurotrauma Tissue and Fluid Bank and used in qPCR for quantitating expression of KP enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), kynurenase (KYNase), kynurenine amino transferase-II (KAT-II), kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3HAO) and quinolinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRTase) and IDO1 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In CSF, KYN, KYNA and QUIN were elevated whereas TRP, AA and 3HAA remained unchanged. The ratios of QUIN:KYN, QUIN:KYNA, KYNA:KYN and 3HAA:AA revealed that QUIN levels were significantly higher than KYN and KYNA, supporting increased neurotoxicity. Amplified IDO1 and KYNase mRNA expression was demonstrated on post-mortem brains, and enhanced IDO1 protein coincided with overt tissue damage. QUIN levels in CSF were significantly higher in patients with unfavourable outcome and inversely correlated with GOSE scores. CONCLUSION: TBI induced a striking activation of the KP pathway with sustained increase of QUIN. The exceeding production of QUIN together with increased IDO1 activation and mRNA expression in brain-injured areas suggests that TBI selectively induces a robust stimulation of the neurotoxic branch of the KP pathway. QUIN's detrimental roles are supported by its association to adverse outcome potentially becoming an early prognostic factor post-TBI.
89

Neuropathology of Post-stroke Depression: Possible Role of Inflammatory Molecules and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

Wong, Amy 30 December 2010 (has links)
The study evaluated whether the activity of the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme is increased post-stroke and contributes to the development of post-stroke depression (PSD) via tryptophan (TRP) depletion and neurotoxic kynurenine (KYN) metabolite production. The activity of IDO was measured using the KYN/TRP ratio. Participants were assessed for depression severity using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Blood TRP, KYN, large neutral amino acids and cytokines were measured and compared. Fifty-four (mean age=69.9±15.2, male=52.7%, mean NIHSS=7.3±4.6) patients within 28.9±40.3 days of stroke were separated into two groups: non-depressed (n=38, CES-D=6.1±4.9) and those with significant depressive symptoms (n=16, CES-D=26.8±10.8). Higher mean KYN/TRP ratios were demonstrated in stroke patients with depressive symptoms (non-depressed=69.3±36.9 vs. depressive symptoms=78.3±42.0, F3,50=4.61, p=0.006) after controlling for LNAA (p=0.026) and hypertension (p=0.039). As the KYN/TRP ratio reflects decreased TRP and increased neurotoxic KYN metabolites, both mechanisms may play an etiological role in PSD.
90

Neuropathology of Post-stroke Depression: Possible Role of Inflammatory Molecules and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

Wong, Amy 30 December 2010 (has links)
The study evaluated whether the activity of the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme is increased post-stroke and contributes to the development of post-stroke depression (PSD) via tryptophan (TRP) depletion and neurotoxic kynurenine (KYN) metabolite production. The activity of IDO was measured using the KYN/TRP ratio. Participants were assessed for depression severity using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Blood TRP, KYN, large neutral amino acids and cytokines were measured and compared. Fifty-four (mean age=69.9±15.2, male=52.7%, mean NIHSS=7.3±4.6) patients within 28.9±40.3 days of stroke were separated into two groups: non-depressed (n=38, CES-D=6.1±4.9) and those with significant depressive symptoms (n=16, CES-D=26.8±10.8). Higher mean KYN/TRP ratios were demonstrated in stroke patients with depressive symptoms (non-depressed=69.3±36.9 vs. depressive symptoms=78.3±42.0, F3,50=4.61, p=0.006) after controlling for LNAA (p=0.026) and hypertension (p=0.039). As the KYN/TRP ratio reflects decreased TRP and increased neurotoxic KYN metabolites, both mechanisms may play an etiological role in PSD.

Page generated in 0.0879 seconds