[pt] O que significaria, se a otimização do sistema capitalista, através do processo competitivo e da inovação tecnológica, alcançasse uma produtividade extrema e fizesse que o lucro, o sangue que dá vida ao capitalismo, secasse? A questão da música hoje está atrelada à digitalização do fonograma, e à desmaterialização da mercadoria musical, no período em torno da passagem do milênio. A pesquisa coloca a possibilidade de que o campo da música tenha chegado aos limites de um percurso previsto por Marx, no aumento contínuo da competição e da produtividade como eixo da sociedade moderna. Por outro lado, as manifestações musicais mais marcantes do século XX, ao explorarem uma sensibilidade ao instante, contribuíram para a formação de uma temporalidade e mentalidade neoliberal. A partir das propostas do economista francês Jacques Attali, de que a música pode ser uma ferramenta teórica capaz de antecipar futuros desenvolvimentos históricos e sociais, o trabalho traz as ideias do teórico político alemão Robert Kurz, do grupo da Crítica do Valor, de atualização da concepção marxista, privilegiando o ponto de vista de músicos e profissionais do áudio. O trabalho se dedica a uma análise da trajetória do fonograma no século XX, pela história das tecnologias de gravação de áudio e de três gravações emblemáticas da cultura musical popular de língua inglesa. Houve uma democratização na escuta e no acesso, o músico adquiriu autonomia, valorizou sua voz própria e aprendeu a se gerenciar como produtor, no instante em que seu produto perdia o valor; em seu processo de emancipação, paradoxalmente, o músico contribuiu para uma nova forma de sujeição. / [en] What would it mean if the optimization of the capitalist system, through its competitive process and technological innovation, would have reached a point of extreme productivity caused profit, the lifeblood of capitalism, to dry up? The main question of music today is linked to the digitalization of the sound recording, and the dematerialization of the music merchandise, around the turn of the millennium. This research is dedicated to an analysis of the trajectory of the sound recording in the 20th century, through a short history of audio recording technologies and an analysis of three emblematic recordings of English-speaking popular musical cul-ture. The work crosses French economist Jacques Attali’s ideas that music can be a theoretical tool capable of anticipating future historical and social developments, and the ideas of German political theorist Robert Kurz, the main author of the Value Critiscism group. Privileging the point of view of musicians and audio profession-als, the investigation is set to check whether the field of music has traveled and reached the limits of a path foreseen by Marx, in the dynamics of competition and continuous increase of productivity as the axis of modern society. Also, whether the most striking musical manifestations of the 20th century, by exploring a sensi-tivity to the moment, to the instant, contributed to the formation of a neoliberal temporality and mentality. There was a democratization in listening and manipulat-ing sounds, musicians acquired autonomy, were able to value their own voice and learned how to manage themselves as producers at the same moment that the prod-uct of their labour lost form and value. In his process of emancipation, paradoxi-cally, the musician contributed to a new form of subjection.

Le Revenu de Solidarité Active (RSA) a suscité un vif intérêt dans la communauté scientifique, mais son évaluation s'est focalisée sur son impact sur les taux de retour à l'emploi et sur la pauvreté laborieuse. Dans ce contexte, la thèse construit une évaluation critique du dispositif: nous montrons son incapacité à prendre en charge la position contradictoire dans laquelle sont placés les bénéficiaires. Ceux-ci sont en effet confrontés à des conditions de valorisation de la force de travail structurellement difficiles, et dans le même temps le dispositif organise, par différents moyens, la centralité de l'emploi. Dans le premier temps de la démonstration, la thèse met en discussion les catégories de travail construites par le marxisme critique de Moishe Postone et par Hannah Arendt. Grâce à cette démarche théorique nous comprenons que le RSA redéfinit les statuts d'activité des bénéficiaires autour d'une mise en scène de la nécessité du retour au travail. En parallèle, nous sommes amenés à saisir théoriquement et empiriquement la place contradictoire du travail dans le capitalisme contemporain: source de la richesse sociale certes, mais également ébranlé par des conditions de valorisation de la force de travail toujours plus difficiles. Dans le second temps de la démonstration, nous mettons en œuvre le suivi d'une cohorte de ménages bénéficiaires dans le département de l'Isère entre 2010 et 2012. L'analyse descriptive et la modélisation des mobilités et des trajectoires nous conduisent à constater l'extrême diversité des parcours individuels. À côté des usages transitoires du dispositif qui sont majoritaires, nous constatons que les parcours sont heurtés, et lorsqu'ils montrent une stabilité c'est souvent au profit d'un maintien dans les marges du marché du travail. Nous illustrons l'incapacité du RSA à rassembler, derrière l'emploi comme standard uniforme, la grande diversité des bénéficiaires. / The French « Revenu de Solidarité Active » (RSA) generated a great deal of interest in the the scientific community, focused mainly on its impact on labor force participation and on working poor. In this context, the thesis looks for a critical assessment of the device: we show its inability to take over the contradictory position in which the beneficiaries are placed. Those are confronted with structurally difficult conditions for the exploitation of the labor force, and at the same time the RSA organizes, through various means, the centrality of employment. Firstly, the thesis discusses the categories of work, constructed by the critical Marxism of Moishe Postone and by Hannah Arendt. Thanks to this theoretical approach, we understand that the RSA redefines the beneficiaries' labour statuses, around a staging of the need for a return to work. Simultaneously, we show theoretically and empirically the contradictory position of work in contemporary capitalism: source of social wealth, certainly, but also undermined by increasingly difficult conditions for the exploitation of labor power. Secondly, we implement a follow-up of a cohort of beneficiary households in the department of Isère, between 2010 and 2012. Descriptive statistical analysis and the modeling of mobilities and trajectories lead us to show diversity of individual paths. In addition to the temporary uses of RSA, which constitute a majority, we note paths are broken, and when they show stability, it is often in labor market's margins. Finally, we show that the RSA fails to gather, behind employment as an uniform standard, the great diversity of beneficiaries.