Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2000. / Online publiziert: 2008.

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2005.

Användandet av solceller ökar kontinuerligt i Sverige och effekten som genererasav solcellerna förvaras oftast i bly-syra batterier. Dessa batterier har en dåligpåverkan på miljön eftersom det krävs mycket energi och miljöfarliga material såsom bly och svavelsyra för att tillverka dessa batterier. Östersjökompaniet AB ochmånga av dess kunder inser vikten av ett hållbart tänkande och var intresseradeav att veta om det var möjligt att maximera livslängden av dessa batterier. Underarbetets gång analyserades olika metoder för upp- och urladdning av batterier somkan påverka ett batteris livslängd och hur man kan bära sig åt för att optimera det.En laddningskontroller användes för att optimera laddningen av batteriet. För attberäkna laddningsnivån i batteriet användes metoden ”Extended voltmeter”. Enprototyp som kunde ladda batterierna på ett optimalt sätt, varna då batterietsladdningsnivå blev för låg samt en användarvänlig applikation för övervakning avbatteriet konstruerades. Ett batteris beräknade livslängd är ingen exakt vetenskap.Enligt studier kan livslängden av ett batteri fördubblas om det laddas upp ochladdas ur på ett optimalt sätt i jämförelse med då det laddas ur helt. / The use of solar cells is continuously increasing in Sweden and the powergenerated by the solar cells is usually stored in lead acid batteries. These batterieshave a bad impact on the environment as much energy and environmentallyhazardous materials like lead and sulfuric acid are required to manufacture thesebatteries. Östersjökompaniet AB and many of its customers realize the importanceof sustainable thinking and were interested in knowing if it was possible tomaximize the lifetime of these batteries. During the course of the work, differentmethods of battery charging and discharging were analyzed that could affect thebatteries lifetime and how to take care of them to optimize them. A chargecontroller was used to optimize the charge of the battery. To calculate theremaining state of charge in the battery, the Extended voltmeter method was used.A prototype that was able to charge the batteries optimally, warn when the batterycapacity became too low, and a user-friendly application for battery monitoring wasdesigned. The calculated lifetime of a battery is not an exact science. According tostudies the lifetime of a battery can be doubled if it is c

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi projetar um voltímetro utilizando a técnica de acoplamento capacitivo para medições de tensão. O design proposto do voltímetro oferece uma alternativa simples e econômica aos métodos tradicionais de medição de tensão. Ao utilizar o acoplamento capacitivo, a necessidade de contato elétrico direto entre o circuito de medição e a fonte de tensão é eliminada, permitindo medições de forma não invasivas. O processo de desenvolvimento envolveu o projeto e a construção de um circuito de acoplamento capacitivo, que possibilitou a transferência do sinal de tensão para um circuito de medição. O circuito de medição incluiu componentes de condicionamento de sinal e um conversor analógico-digital para permitir leituras de tensão com confiabilidade metrológica. O sistema foi calibrado e testado usando uma fonte de valor de tensão conhecido para garantir medições confiáveis e precisas. Os resultados experimentais mostram que o voltímetro obteve desempenho satisfatório para a voltagem usual de 127 V em corrente alternada (127 V CA) e uma distância máxima de 0,2 m do ponto de interesse, mantendo um baixo nível de interferência de ruídos elétricos externos. O design proposto do voltímetro tem potencial para várias aplicações, especialmente em cenários onde o contato elétrico direto com a fonte de tensão é indesejável ou impraticável. Ele oferece uma solução confiável e eficiente para medições, sendo adequado tanto para fins industriais quanto de pesquisa. / [en] The objective of this master s thesis was to develop a voltmeter using the capacitive coupling technique for voltage measurements. The proposed voltmeter design offers a simple and cost-effective alternative to traditional voltage measurement methods. By using capacitive coupling, the need for direct electrical contact between the measuring circuit and the voltage source is eliminated, allowing for non-invasive voltage measurements. The development process involved the design and construction of a capacitive coupling circuit, which enabled the transfer of the voltage signal to a measurement circuit. The measurement circuit included signal conditioning components and an analog-to-digital converter for accurate voltage readings. The system has been calibrated and tested using a known voltage source to ensure reliable and accurate measurements. The experimental results show that the voltmeter obtained satisfactory performance for the usual voltage of 127 V AC and a maximum distance of 0.2 m from the point of interest, maintaining a low level of interference from external electrical noises. The proposed voltmeter design has potential for several applications, especially in scenarios where direct electrical contact with the voltage source is undesirable or impractical. It offers a reliable and efficient solution for voltage measurements, being suitable for both industrial and research purposes.

This project is dealing with methods of measuring impedances of the antenna systems in the frequency range from the low frequencies to the very high frequencies. There is a discussion about different methods of measuring impedance and each technique is critically evaluated. In terms of this project is compared few types of the professional antenna analyzers. According to this comparison there was made the concept of my own antenna analyzer. There is a detailed description of the design of this device’s important parts including software equipment. Designed instrument has been built and tested.

With the continuous growth of non-linear power electronic components and the increasing penetration of the distributed generation (DG), the potential for degradation in the power quality of the existing grid exists. There are concerns that the total harmonic distortion (THD) could reach unacceptable levels of 5% or higher. Moreover, there is additional potential of the presence of amplified harmonic components in the power network grid when the harmonic frequencies align with the resonant frequencies that are being injected by power electronic components of the DG. The above conditions could increase the electrical stresses on the insulation system of the power system components, and in particular, cable terminations are a concern. Standard cable terminations are designed to operate under power frequency in the power system network and their service life is considered accordingly. The research work aims to provide an understanding of the performance of the stress grading (SG) system of a commercial cable termination when the voltage waveform is distorted due to the presence of harmonics and when the high frequency and high dV/dt voltage waveforms are present from a typical power electronic drive. An aging experiment was performed for over a 600 hour time period using the pulse width modulated (PWM) high-voltage generator to quantify the impact of high frequency stress on SG system of cable termination. Furthermore, the cable termination was tested under power frequency, distorted voltage waveforms composed of fundamental and low order harmonics using an experiment setup that generate distorted voltage waveforms. Diagnostic techniques such as surface potential distribution measurements and surface temperature monitoring are used to analyze the termination performance. The surface tangential field is calculated based on the gradient of the termination surface potential as measured with an electrostatic voltmeter. The study shows that distorted voltage waveforms with high frequency and high dV/dt components, increase the electric field, resistive heating, and surface temperature rise in the terminations that use the field-dependent SG materials. The rise of electric field by as high as 27.1% and surface temperature rise of as high as 17C demonstrates the severity on the cable terminations. Such electric field enhancements for a period of time have a potential to initiate partial discharge that could lead to degradation of the termination. Moreover, surface temperature rise of 17 deg C could reduce the allowable ampacity of the cable conductor, reduce the short circuit levels, and reduce the feeder loading limits. The field-dependent electrical conductivity (σ(E,T)), permittivity (ε), and the temperature dependencies of (σ(E,T) and ε) have strong impact to degrade the electrical and thermal properties of the termination due to stress from the non-sinusoidal distorted voltage waveform. In order to minimize the surface temperature rise from the hotspot and electrical stress enhancement that eventually lead to insulation degradation and failure, the following recommendations are made for a suitable SG design for a termination to handle the severe voltage stress: Apply the capacitively graded termination in the grid where the distortion levels are low. Under the increased total harmonic distortion levels and HF components, resistively grading with higher degree of nonlinearity (achieved through the use of ZnO filler) is beneficial. The utilities could take preventive maintenance on medium voltage power cable accessories to prevent the termination failure before it actually occurs. Researchers could focus to resolve and minimize the rising power quality issues when the distribution generations are operated, improve the power electronic converters, and provide cost-effective harmonic filter solutions for harmonic mitigation.

With the continuous growth of non-linear power electronic components and the increasing penetration of the distributed generation (DG), the potential for degradation in the power quality of the existing grid exists. There are concerns that the total harmonic distortion (THD) could reach unacceptable levels of 5% or higher. Moreover, there is additional potential of the presence of amplified harmonic components in the power network grid when the harmonic frequencies align with the resonant frequencies that are being injected by power electronic components of the DG. The above conditions could increase the electrical stresses on the insulation system of the power system components, and in particular, cable terminations are a concern. Standard cable terminations are designed to operate under power frequency in the power system network and their service life is considered accordingly. The research work aims to provide an understanding of the performance of the stress grading (SG) system of a commercial cable termination when the voltage waveform is distorted due to the presence of harmonics and when the high frequency and high dV/dt voltage waveforms are present from a typical power electronic drive. An aging experiment was performed for over a 600 hour time period using the pulse width modulated (PWM) high-voltage generator to quantify the impact of high frequency stress on SG system of cable termination. Furthermore, the cable termination was tested under power frequency, distorted voltage waveforms composed of fundamental and low order harmonics using an experiment setup that generate distorted voltage waveforms. Diagnostic techniques such as surface potential distribution measurements and surface temperature monitoring are used to analyze the termination performance. The surface tangential field is calculated based on the gradient of the termination surface potential as measured with an electrostatic voltmeter. The study shows that distorted voltage waveforms with high frequency and high dV/dt components, increase the electric field, resistive heating, and surface temperature rise in the terminations that use the field-dependent SG materials. The rise of electric field by as high as 27.1% and surface temperature rise of as high as 17C demonstrates the severity on the cable terminations. Such electric field enhancements for a period of time have a potential to initiate partial discharge that could lead to degradation of the termination. Moreover, surface temperature rise of 17 deg C could reduce the allowable ampacity of the cable conductor, reduce the short circuit levels, and reduce the feeder loading limits. The field-dependent electrical conductivity (σ(E,T)), permittivity (ε), and the temperature dependencies of (σ(E,T) and ε) have strong impact to degrade the electrical and thermal properties of the termination due to stress from the non-sinusoidal distorted voltage waveform. In order to minimize the surface temperature rise from the hotspot and electrical stress enhancement that eventually lead to insulation degradation and failure, the following recommendations are made for a suitable SG design for a termination to handle the severe voltage stress: Apply the capacitively graded termination in the grid where the distortion levels are low. Under the increased total harmonic distortion levels and HF components, resistively grading with higher degree of nonlinearity (achieved through the use of ZnO filler) is beneficial. The utilities could take preventive maintenance on medium voltage power cable accessories to prevent the termination failure before it actually occurs. Researchers could focus to resolve and minimize the rising power quality issues when the distribution generations are operated, improve the power electronic converters, and provide cost-effective harmonic filter solutions for harmonic mitigation.

This work will describe current distribution measurement problems along antenna conductor using a probe (coupling loop), which is attached to selective micro-voltmeter, which will indicate signal level (voltage). The signal level will be used for representing the current distribution. Subsequently, measuring workplace issues from generator to antenna conductor, probe and selective micro-voltmeter, will be discussed. Analysis of voltages of this link-up and additional study will be conducted. Other parameters, which complement this situation, will be calculated from the current distribution. A computer program, which calculates these parameters and speeds up the collected data processing, will be used for this process.

This diploma thesis deals with photovoltaic rechargable regulators used in isolated, or off-grid photovoltaic systems. First, basic types of off-grid installations, including their functions and applications in practice are described. Then, possibilities of electric energy accumulation in photovoltaic systems are mentioned, considering actual, accesible technologies. Matters of electric energy accumulation in leaden accumulators are examined in detail. Main part of the diploma thesis is about electronic designs of photovoltaic, also called solar, rechargable regulators. These are the main connecting part between photovoltaic panels, accumulator, but also often connected charge, which is appliance. Individual electronic regulators concepts are described narrowly, then compared and evaluated in thesis´ conclusion.