This text is a treatise on microcontroller programming. It introduces the major peripherals found on most microcontrollers, including the usage of them, focusing on the ATmega644p in the AVR family produced by Atmel. General information and background knowledge on several topics is also presented. These topics include information regarding the hardware of a microcontroller and assembly code as well as instructions regarding good program structure and coding practices. Examples with code and discussion are presented throughout. This is intended for hobbyists and students desiring knowledge on programming microcontrollers, and is written at a level that students entering the junior level core robotics classes would find useful.

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The word ¡§3C products¡¨ means computation, communication and consumer electronics products. Particularly, consumer electronics products become one of the most important part of high technology industry. Recently, the properties of consumer electronics products tend to integrate powerful computation and communication abilities. Further more, the trend of more light, thin, short and small makes every kind of IC inside consumer electronics products highly integration. This tendency describe above brings embedded semiconductor providers a difficult problem. That is, we must improve the computation ability and function integration without increasing area overhead. The proposed method of this thesis is adding computation enhanced instructions in original instruction set without change basic architecture of microprocessor. Further, make a better design choice after analyzing different implement ways and considering their trade off between performance and cost. The goal is producing a powerful microprocessor which is improved the most with the least overhead. There are two directions in the result of this thesis. One is pure enhancing microprocessor computation ability. About 54% special operation execution time is reduced by adding operation enhanced instructions, but only taken 10% area cost. However, if 6.35% system frequency speeddown is acceptable, about 59% special operation execution time could be reduced. The other is the phenomenon after integrating In-Circuit Emulator (ICE) in microprocessor. Apparently, integrating debug mechanism doesn¡¦t change timing of whole system. However, it makes a great deal of circuit area overhead about 112%. This result shows that a system needs keep individual characters between microprocessor and ICE. A batter method of integrating ICE in system is using boundary scan cell in whole system.

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ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper describes how a microcontroller based system can be used to generate the signals needed in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system transmitter. The limited computational speed of the microcontroller, along with other tasks which the controller may need to handle, places limits on the throughput of the system, and the complexity of the MIMO signal design. However this can be a low cost design, and the microcontroller can be used to perform other operations in the system, which may make it attractive in some applications.

This report presents the process of design and implementation of a battery charger for a Li-ion battery. The development of this battery charger includes the component from Linear Technology LTC4015. This component integrates the functions of a battery charger configured as a buck (step-down) converter. This device must be integrated in a Printed Circuit Board with a specific design. Also, it must be configured using a microcontroller named Raspberry Pi, which also performs the measurements. The method of design is divided in two parts. One is focused on developing the printed circuit board, which includes the simulation of the device and the development of the PCB, and the second one is focused on developing the program used in the microcontroller to manage the operation of the LTC4015. The result is a charge controller device that can be used with different configurations with a buck converter topology. The different parts of the design process are the simulation, the design and the implementation. Each of these parts have a section of results in this report. The simulation section includes results obtained with LTSpice and the device LTC4020, which is a similar device to the LTC4015 but without the Maximum Power Point Tracking mode, which is not modelled in LTSpice. PV is the main power source considered to charge the battery, and is carefully studied in this project. The PV input is studied with LTSpice, first simulating the I-V curve of the schematic of the solar cell. Second, integrating a solar cell in the simulation of the LTC4015. Third, operating the device LTC4015 with a solar panel that is also characterized. The design section includes the electronic components used for the development of the board that integrates the charge controller, the LTC4015 in this case, based on the calculations performed for the requirements of the LTC4015. Finally, the implementation section includes the description of the board implemented but also the description of the configuration and measurement code. The conclusions presented in this report show that the LTC4015 is a battery buck charger with different functions that make it suitable to be used in different solar applications. Also, this report opens new future work lines, such as the full characterization of the board, the implementation of a test bench and the integration of the board in different applications for solar energy systems.

Em áreas experimentais, é comum ser necessário individualizar a quantidade de água aplicada em cada unidade (vaso ou canteiro), podendo haver variações desta quantidade ao longo dos eventos de irrigação. Este controle individualizado constitui uma tarefa repetitiva e trabalhosa que geralmente é efetuada manualmente por meio de válvulas instaladas na entrada de cada unidade. A execução manual de tais tarefas está sujeita a erros como imperfeições no controle de tempos de operação, limitações de dimensões e critérios relacionados à pesquisa e, principalmente, implicam em desperdício de tempo e recursos para o pesquisador. Por outro lado, as soluções comercializadas para automação do controle da irrigação apresentam-se em dois extremos. As soluções com preço acessível não são versáteis o suficiente para atender aos requisitos de experimentos envolvendo irrigação, e quando empregadas implicam em uma série de restrições para a definição de tratamentos na pesquisa. Já as soluções sofisticadas, que seriam aptas para uso nas mais diversas situações, apresentam custo restritivo. Acerca disto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema constituído de módulos microprocessados e aplicativo supervisório, empregados para o controle automático e individualizado da irrigação em unidades existentes em áreas experimentais. A solução proposta foi desenvolvida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa visou o desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle malha aberta, dedicado ao acionamento individualizado de atuadores (válvulas solenóides e motobombas), sendo operado segundo intervalos de tempo informados pelo usuário. A segunda etapa visou o desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado para monitoramento e controle individualizado da irrigação em áreas experimentais. O sistema proposto dispõe de recursos de hardware e software que asseguram versatilidade, escalabilidade e confiabilidade, sendo capaz de atender aos requerimentos de diferentes tarefas ou experimentos. / Irrigation scheduling at experimental areas is determined by several factors, which are mainly related to features of each unit (container or bed) and criteria set by researchers. Many times the experimental areas are greenhouses and depending on the research may be necessary provide mechanisms for monitoring sensors and controlling actuators on each unit in order to supply individual water requirements. Once irrigation requirements vary in time and among units, this individual irrigation management becomes a repetitive and laborious task when sensors and actuators are operated manually. Commercial systems for automated irrigation controlling in Brazil can be characterized in two extremes, when applied on experimental areas. Irrigation controllers sold at affordable and feasible prices have basic functionalities and don\'t have enough versatility for using at most of irrigation researches. In the other hand, there are some sophisticated solutions for automating irrigation systems which have plenty of technology and could be implemented at any experimental area. Although, these kind of automated systems are very expensive and most of times are unfeasible for using at irrigation researches. Based on the summarized situation, this thesis presents the development of an automated system comprised of microprocessed modules and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), implemented for actuators controlling and sensor\'s data acquisition at irrigation experimental areas. The first research\'s stage describes the development of an openloop control system that was a dedicated solution for actuators controlling. The second stage described a closed-loop control system designed for irrigation controlling at experimental areas. The developed solutions have features of hardware and software that ensure versatility, scalability, and reliability.

Em áreas experimentais, é comum ser necessário individualizar a quantidade de água aplicada em cada unidade (vaso ou canteiro), podendo haver variações desta quantidade ao longo dos eventos de irrigação. Este controle individualizado constitui uma tarefa repetitiva e trabalhosa que geralmente é efetuada manualmente por meio de válvulas instaladas na entrada de cada unidade. A execução manual de tais tarefas está sujeita a erros como imperfeições no controle de tempos de operação, limitações de dimensões e critérios relacionados à pesquisa e, principalmente, implicam em desperdício de tempo e recursos para o pesquisador. Por outro lado, as soluções comercializadas para automação do controle da irrigação apresentam-se em dois extremos. As soluções com preço acessível não são versáteis o suficiente para atender aos requisitos de experimentos envolvendo irrigação, e quando empregadas implicam em uma série de restrições para a definição de tratamentos na pesquisa. Já as soluções sofisticadas, que seriam aptas para uso nas mais diversas situações, apresentam custo restritivo. Acerca disto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema constituído de módulos microprocessados e aplicativo supervisório, empregados para o controle automático e individualizado da irrigação em unidades existentes em áreas experimentais. A solução proposta foi desenvolvida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa visou o desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle malha aberta, dedicado ao acionamento individualizado de atuadores (válvulas solenóides e motobombas), sendo operado segundo intervalos de tempo informados pelo usuário. A segunda etapa visou o desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado para monitoramento e controle individualizado da irrigação em áreas experimentais. O sistema proposto dispõe de recursos de hardware e software que asseguram versatilidade, escalabilidade e confiabilidade, sendo capaz de atender aos requerimentos de diferentes tarefas ou experimentos. / Irrigation scheduling at experimental areas is determined by several factors, which are mainly related to features of each unit (container or bed) and criteria set by researchers. Many times the experimental areas are greenhouses and depending on the research may be necessary provide mechanisms for monitoring sensors and controlling actuators on each unit in order to supply individual water requirements. Once irrigation requirements vary in time and among units, this individual irrigation management becomes a repetitive and laborious task when sensors and actuators are operated manually. Commercial systems for automated irrigation controlling in Brazil can be characterized in two extremes, when applied on experimental areas. Irrigation controllers sold at affordable and feasible prices have basic functionalities and don\'t have enough versatility for using at most of irrigation researches. In the other hand, there are some sophisticated solutions for automating irrigation systems which have plenty of technology and could be implemented at any experimental area. Although, these kind of automated systems are very expensive and most of times are unfeasible for using at irrigation researches. Based on the summarized situation, this thesis presents the development of an automated system comprised of microprocessed modules and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), implemented for actuators controlling and sensor\'s data acquisition at irrigation experimental areas. The first research\'s stage describes the development of an openloop control system that was a dedicated solution for actuators controlling. The second stage described a closed-loop control system designed for irrigation controlling at experimental areas. The developed solutions have features of hardware and software that ensure versatility, scalability, and reliability.

In this thesis, the first section will talk about how to implement the software development environment for 8bit microprocessor, including Compiler, Assembler, and Debugging mechanism etc. The design of Debugging mechanism is based on in-circuit emulator. In-circuit emulator is a common debugging technique for microprocessor. The designed ICE contains hardware implement and debugging software for it in this thesis. ICE hardware is a control circuit from TAP Controller, IEEE 1149.1 std. and it control the scan cells on the data bus. The Debugging software uses JTAG port, IEEE 1149.1 std., to insert debug instruction from PC to ICE hardware. In this thesis, the second section will focus on the process of integrating ICE hardware circuit and software debugger issued by two ways, our own design version and business suit debugging software support. The examples are not only integrating our LAB¡¦s 32bit microprocessor and ICE hardware, but also verifying software debugger to control ICE circuit by FPGA to prove above two methods are work.

The Advanced Encryption Standard is one of the most common encryption algorithms. It is highly resistant to mathematical and statistical attacks, however, this security is based on the assumption that an adversary cannot access the algorithm’s internal state during encryption or decryption. Power analysis is a type of side-channel analysis that exploit information leakage through the power consumption of physical realisations of cryptographic systems. Power analysis attacks capture intermediate results during AES execution, which combined with knowledge of the plaintext or the ciphertext can reveal key material. This thesis studies and compares simple power analysis, differential power analysis and template attacks using a cheap consumer oscilloscope against AES-128 implemented on an 8-bit microcontroller. Additionally, the shuffling and masking countermeasures are evaluated in terms of security and performance. The thesis also presents a practical approach to template building and device characterisation. The results show that attacking a naive implementation with differential power analysis requires little effort, both in preparation and computation time. Template attacks require the least amount of measurements but requires significant preparation. Simple power analysis by itself cannot break the key but proves helpful in simplifying the other attacks. It is found that shuffling significantly increases the number of traces required to break the key while masking forces the attacker to use higher-order techniques.