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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Three-dimensional elasto-plastic modeling of wellbore and perforation stability in poorly consolidated sands

Alquwizani, Saud Abdulziz 21 November 2013 (has links)
A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the stability of wellbores and perforations in poorly consolidated sandstone formations. The model integrates the post-yield plastic behavior of granular materials in order to investigate the mechanical instabilities associated with wellbores completed in such formations. Fluid flow and poroelastic stresses are computationally coupled with mechanical calculations to generate pore pressure and stress distribution in the sand. The sand erosion model developed by Kim (2010) is adopted to predict the rate of sand production based on the proposed erosion criterion. It has been widely reported in the literature that sanding can be greatly influenced by in-situ stress anisotropy, completion geometry, wellbore placement, and perforation orientation. Through advanced modeling and meshing techniques, the model developed in this thesis is capable of simulating complex completion configurations and operational conditions for the purpose of researching the impact of these factors on the wellbore and perforation stability. Accordingly, the model can be utilized to design a completion that minimizes sand production and optimizes the mechanical stability of the wellbore for a specific in-situ state of stress. Results obtained from the model show that vertical wellbores produce less sand compared to horizontal wellbores in the case where the overburden stress is the maximum in-situ stress. In addition, orienting the perforation in the direction with the least plastic strain development results in a more stable perforation tunnel with less sand production. Therefore, in a horizontal wellbore, vertically oriented perforations are more stable than horizontally oriented perforations and can withstand higher drawdown pressure before sand is produced. The model was extended to simulate the impact of mechanical and hydraulic interference from adjacent perforations on the evolution of plastic strain. Results from simulation runs show that the perforation spacing has an influence on both the magnitude and the spatial spread of the plastic strain. The model combines the effect of the wellbore diameter, shot density, and the phasing angle to determine the completion configuration with the least sanding risk. / text
2

Drilling Through Gas Hydrates Formations: Managing Wellbore Stability Risks

Khabibullin, Tagir R. 2010 August 1900 (has links)
As hydrocarbon exploration and development moves into deeper water and onshore arctic environments, it becomes increasingly important to quantify the drilling hazards posed by gas hydrates. To address these concerns, a 1D semi-analytical model for heat and fluid transport in the reservoir was coupled with a numerical model for temperature distribution along the wellbore. This combination allowed the estimation of the dimensions of the hydratebearing layer where the initial pressure and temperature can dynamically change while drilling. These dimensions were then used to build a numerical reservoir model for the simulation of the dissociation of gas hydrate in the layer. The bottomhole pressure (BHP) and formation properties used in this workflow were based on a real field case. The results provide an understanding of the effects of drilling through hydratebearing sediments and of the impact of drilling fluid temperature and BHP on changes in temperature and pore pressure within the surrounding sediments. It was found that the amount of gas hydrate that can dissociate will depend significantly on both initial formation characteristics and bottomhole conditions, namely mud temperature and pressure. The procedure outlined suggested in this work can provide quantitative results of the impact of hydrate dissociation on wellbore stability, which can help better design drilling muds for ultra deep water operations.
3

Geomechanical Wellbore Stability Assesment For Sayindere, Karabogaz, Karababa Formations In X Field

Uyar, Tevhide Tugba 01 July 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Wellbore stability problems make up huge over-costs worldwide. Since in recent years declining resource volumes and favorable oil prices are encouraging operators to drill deeper, more complex well trajectories drilling for hydrocarbons have turn into a much more challenging task. Furthermore, the complexity and variations of those wells have added the weight to planning and problem anticipation at both drilling and production stages. The thesis will describe the geomechanical wellbore stability analysis of Sayindere, Karabogaz and Karababa formations drilled in X field, Adiyaman. The analysis assumes validity of linear elastic theory for porous media and requires drilling reports, well logs, laboratory tests and core analysis. It was observed that with the assessment of geomechanical wellbore stability analysis mud weight window, which includes minimum mud weight and maximum mud weight can be determined for the studied formations.
4

[en] GEOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF RUBBLE-ZONES BELOW SALT ROCKS / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO GEOMECÂNICA DE ZONAS DE INSTABILIDADE DURANTE A PERFURAÇÃO DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO ABAIXO DE ROCHAS EVAPORÍTICAS

THIAGO FREITAS LOPES CONCEICAO 22 February 2019 (has links)
[pt] Com o aumento do preço do barril de petróleo nos anos 2000 e acrescente demanda por essa commoditie, tornou-se mais atrativa a exploração de petróleo em águas profundas, favorecendo oportunidades em plays subsal e pré-sal em diversas áreas do mundo. Como consequência desta tendência, os desafios da indústria de petróleo se tornaram cada vez maiores. Um dos desafios na perfuração de poços em evaporitos é minimizar a fluência deste tipo de rocha, a qual pode fechar o poço ou colapsar um revestimento ao longo do tempo. Além disso, cenários geológicos com presença de estruturas de sal podem ocasionar problemas de instabilidade mecânica, também, durante a perfuração de poços nas rochas adjacentes ao sal. Os principais problemas associados a esse cenário são causados pela mudança em magnitude e a rotação das tensões principais em torno dessas estruturas salinas, principalmente nas interfaces entre o sal e as rochas adjacentes, coloquialmente denominada de rubble zones. O presente trabalho propõe uma avaliação geomecânica do estado de tensões em região subsal onde foi constatada a instabilidade mecânica durante a perfuração de um poço. Essa avaliação foi feita a partir de simulações numéricas do estado plano de deformação de uma seção geológica 2D da área, onde foi imposto um comportamento viscoplástico para os evaporitos; e elastoplástico com critérios de plasticidade CamClay e MohrCoulomb para região abaixo do sal. Como resultado serão discutidas as trajetórias de tensão obtidas na simulação com os dois tipos de materiais elastoplásticos, evidenciando uma abordagem metodológica para subsidiar a previsão da janela de estabilidade de poços em regiões com estruturas de sal alóctone, uma vez que as tensões in situ nessas regiões se encontram significativamente alteradas, sendo impossível predizer com acurácia a magnitude dessas tensões a partir de modelos analíticos convencionais. Uma melhor previsão das tensões in situ se traduz em uma melhor previsão da janela operacional, com consequente diminuição os riscos operacionais e melhoria na segurança e economicidade dos projetos de poços. / [en] The rise in the price of a barrel of oil in the 2000s and the increasing demand for this commodity, deepwater oil exploration became more attractive, favoring opportunities in subsalt and pre-salt plays in several areas of the world. As a consequence of this trend, the challenges of the oil industry have become ever greater. One of the challenges in drilling wells in evaporites is to minimize the creep to avoid the well collapse. In addition geological scenarios with the presence of salt structures can cause problems of mechanical instability also during drilling of wells in the rocks adjacent to the salt. The main problems associated with this scenario are caused by the change in magnitude and the rotation of the principal stresses around these salt structures, mainly at the interfaces between the salt and the adjacent rocks, colloquially called rubble zones. The present work proposes a geomechanical evaluation of the state of stresses in subsal region where the mechanical instability was verified during the drilling of a well. This evaluation was made from numerical simulations of the plane deformation state of a 2D geological section of the area, where a viscoplastic behavior was imposed for the evaporites; and elastoplastic with Cam-Clay and Mohr- Coulomb plasticity criteria for the region below the salt. As a result, we will discuss the voltage trajectories obtained in the simulation with the two types of elastoplastic materials, evidencing a methodological approach to subsidize the prediction of the well stability window in regions with allochthonous salt structures, since the stresses in situ in these regions are significantly altered and it is impossible to accurately predict the magnitude of these voltages from conventional analytical models. Better prediction of in-situ stresses translates into better forecasting of the operating window, thereby reducing operational risks and improving the safety and cost-effectiveness of well designs.
5

ESTIMATING THE IN SITU MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTS CONTAINING GAS HYDRATES.

Birchwood, Richard, Singh, Rishi, Mese, Ali 07 1900 (has links)
Estimating the in situ mechanical properties of sediments containing gas hydrates from seismic or log data is essential for evaluating the risks posed by mechanical failure during drilling, completions, and producing operations. In this paper, a method is presented for constructing correlations between the mechanical properties of gas hydrate bearing sediments and geophysical data. A theory based on micromechanics models was used to guide the selection of parameters that govern the physical behavior of sediments. A set of nondimensionalized relations between elastoplastic properties and those that could be inferred from log or seismic data was derived. Using these relations, a correlation for the Young’s modulus was constructed for sands with methane and THF hydrate using data from a wide variety of sources. It was observed that the correlation did not fit data obtained from samples with high THF hydrate saturations, due possibly to the existence of cohesive mechanisms that operate in such regimes.
6

SEISMIC TIME-LAPSE MONITORING OF POTENTIAL GAS HYDRATE DISSOCIATION AROUND BOREHOLES - COULD IT BE FEASIBLE? A CONCEPTUAL 2D STUDY LINKING GEOMECHANICAL AND SEISMIC FD MODELS

Pecher, Ingo A., Freij-Ayoub, Reem, Yang, Jinhai, Anderson, Ross, Tohidi, Bahman, MacBeth, Colin, Clennell, Ben 07 1900 (has links)
Monitoring of the seafloor for gas hydrate dissociation around boreholes during hydrocarbon production is likely to involve seismic methods because of the strong sensitivity of P-wave velocity to gas in sediment pores. Here, based on geomechanical models, we apply commonly used rock physics modeling to predict the seismic response to gas hydrate dissociation with a focus on P-impedance and performed sensitivity tests. For a given initial gas hydrate saturation, the mode of gas hydrate distribution (cementation, frame-bearing, or pore-filling) has the strongest effect on P-impedance, followed by the mesoscopic distribution of gas bubbles (evenly distributed in pores or “patchy”), gas saturation, and pore pressure. Of these, the distribution of gas is likely to be most challenging to predict. Conceptual 2-D FD wave-propagation modeling shows that it could be possible to detect gas hydrate dissociation after a few days.
7

[en] THE INFLUENCE OF PERMEABILITY CHANGES ON WELLBORE STABILITY / [pt] INFLUÊNCIA DA VARIAÇÃO DA PERMEABILIDADE NA ESTABILIDADE DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO

EWERTON MOREIRA PIMENTEL DE ARAUJO 11 July 2002 (has links)
[pt] O fator fundamental que leva um poço de petróleo ao colapso é o processo transiente de elevação da pressão de poros ao seu redor, devido à penetração da lama de perfuração no interior da formação. Entre as propriedades da rocha, a permeabilidade é responsável pela determinação da velocidade de penetração, bem como da profundidade atingida. Quando são perfurados folhelhos, rochas de baixa permeabilidade, uma região de dano mecânico se desenvolve ao redor do poço. Esta região é caracterizada pela alteração das propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas da rocha. O material aumenta de volume acompanhado do surgimento de fissuras, como resultado do descarregamento e subsequente carregamento desviador. Este comportamento do material foi representado neste trabalho através de um modelo de plasticidade não-associada. Este trabalho discute a influência das tensões e da escavação sobre a permeabilidade das rochas, testando a aplicabilidade de duas relações de permeabilidade ao problema da perfuração de poços de petróleo. Estas relações foram implementadas num simulador numérico baseado no método dos elementos finitos, capaz de modelar o processo acoplado de fluxo monofásico através de um meio poroso deformável. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a consideração da permeabilidade da região circunvizinha às paredes do poço como constante, durante e após a perfuração, é uma simplificação que pode levar a erros significativos. As relações de permeabilidade adotadas, embora ainda necessitem de comprovação experimental ou de campo, contribuirão para o melhor entendimento do estudo da estabilidade de poços. / [en] The underlying factor that leads the wellbore collapse is the porepressure transient process of elevation around the wellbore due to the penetration of the drilling mud. Among the rock properties, the permeability is responsible for determining penetration speed, as well as the reached depth. When drilling shales, wich are rocks of low permeability, a zone of mechanical damage is developed around of the wellbore. This zone is characterized by the alteration of the mechanical and hydraulic rock properties. There is a material volume increase, accompanied by microcracking, as a result of the unloading and subsequent deviatoric stresses. This behavior of the material was represented in this work by a model of non-associated plasticity. Here is discussed the stresses and excavation influence on rock permeability, by testing the application of two permeability relationships to drilling problem. These relationships were implemented in a numeric simulator finite element based, wich can model the coupled process of the single-phase flow through porous media.The obtained results show that the consideration of constant permeability on zone close to the wellbore as constant, during and after the drilling, is a simplification that can lead to significant mistakes. The permeability relationships adopted, although still need experimental or field validation, will contribute to a best understanding of the study of the wellbores stability.
8

[en] GEOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF PRE-SALT CARBONATES IN THE SANTOS BASIN / [pt] ANÁLISE GEOMECÂNICA DOS CARBONATOS DO PRÉ-SAL DA BACIA DE SANTOS

CRISTIANE FERNANDES DA SILVA 14 June 2017 (has links)
[pt] As descobertas no pré-sal estão entre as mais importantes no setor de óleo e gás em todo o mundo na última década. As operações de perfuração na área do pré-sal brasileiro são complexas e desafiadoras em função de fatores como águas ultra profundas, efeito do creep na seção evaporítica (fluência do sal), geologia estrutural complexa, presença de cavernas e poros de diferentes tamanhos geradores de perda de circulação. Estima-se que os custos associados à instabilidade de poços representem cerca de 5 a 10 por cento dos custos de perfuração nas fases de exploração e produção, implicando, a nível mundial, custos de centenas de milhões de dólares por ano. No presente estudo, foi desenvolvido um modelo de estabilidade de poços na área do pré-sal brasileiro utilizando-se correlações analíticas para a obtenção da janela operacional de perfuração. A janela operacional auxilia na otimização do peso de fluido que deverá ser utilizado na perfuração e é definida por um limite inferior (pressão de poros ou de colapso) e por um limite superior (gradiente de fratura). Para a construção do modelo geomecânico, foram considerados perfis de oito poços de correlação, medições diretas de pressão, provas de integridade de formação, temperatura das formações e dados públicos do world stress map. Foram realizadas análises de sensibilidade de três parâmetros para lidar com as suas respectivas incertezas e estimar suas variações: resistência uniaxial não confinada (UCS), do coeficiente de Biot e magnitude da tensão horizontal máxima (SHmax). Os resultados do estudo indicam que o gradiente de sobrecarga na profundidade dos carbonatos da área estudada (5000 até 6140m – profundidade vertical (TVD)) variaram de 13,6 a 14,3ppg (lb/gal). A análise de pressão de poros (PP) indicou que na região existem dois cenários envolvendo esse parâmetro: uma área com pressão de poros levemente alta (9,2ppg) e em outra que apresenta pressão de poros anormalmente pressurizada (13,0ppg). A análise dos resultados das provas de integridade de formação (Leak-offs tests – LOTs) possibilitou a estimativa da Razão de Tensão Horizontal Efetiva mínima (ESRmin) como sendo uma constante de 0,65 no trecho dos carbonatos e, com isso, estimou-se a tensão horizontal mínima em 12,4ppg para a região com pressão de poros levemente alta e 13,8ppg para a região de alta pressão. Os valores médios de resistência de rocha foram de 43MPa e foram comparados resultados de ensaios de resistência de uma rocha análoga ao pré-sal. A direção das tensões horizontais máximas foi estimada em cerca de 95NE e a magnitude foi estimada através do polígono de tensões, onde considerou-se diferentes cenários nos quais envolveram a variação de UCS, coeficiente de Biot e abertura de breakout. Os resultados de SHmax encontrados foram utilizados para a estimativa da Razão de Tensão Horizontal Efetiva máxima (ESRmax) que variou entre 0,95 e 1,8 em função dos cenários avaliados e, com isso, concluiu-se que o campo de falhamento na área estudada estaria entre o normal e o transcorrente. Estimou-se que a janela operacional nos carbonatos na região com PP levemente pressurizada apresenta como limite inferior valores entre 10,5 e 11,1ppg e como limite superior 12,3 a 12,6ppg. Já na região com PP anormalmente pressurizada a janela operacional para a fase dos carbonatos compreende valores entre 13,3 a 13,8ppg. A presente pesquisa apresenta também as discussões relativas às incertezas associadas à ausência de dados e o modelo constitutivo adotado. / [en] The discoveries in the pre-salt are one of the most important ones in the oil and gas industry around the world in the last decade. Drilling operations in the Brazilian pre-salt area are complex and challenging due to factors such as ultra-deep water, effect of creep in evaporite section, complex geological structure, presence of caves and vugs generating total circulation losses etc. It is estimated that the costs associated with wellbore instability problems represent about 5 to 10 percent of the drilling costs in the stages of exploration and production, generating costs around hundreds of millions of dollars a year. In this study, a wellbore stability model was built of the pre-salt area using analytical correlations to obtain a mud window. The operational window assists in optimizing the fluid weight to be used in drilling and is defined by a lower limit (pore or collapse pressure) and an upper limit (fracture gradient). In order to build the geomechanical model, eight offset well with log data, direct pressure measurements, formation integrity tests, formation temperature, and data from the world stress map were used. Sensitivity analyzes were made from uniaxial unconfined strength (UCS), Biot coefficient and magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress to evaluate model s uncertainties and estimate its variations. The geomechanical model indicates that the overburden in the carbonates of the studied area (5000 until 6140m – True Vertical Depth (TVD)) ranges from 13,6 to 14,3ppg (lb/gal). Pore pressure indicates two different behavior, presenting slightly over-pressurized (around 9,2ppg) and over-pressurized in another area (13,0ppg). The results of the formation integrity test (Leak-off tests, LOTs) were used to estimate the minimum effective stress ratio (ESRmin), a constant value around 0,65 with a minimum horizontal stress equal to 12,4ppg in the slightly overpressured zone and 13,8ppg in overpressure zone. The average values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) were 43MPa. The azimuth of maximum horizontal stress was estimated to be around 95NE obtained from World Stress Map. The effective maximum horizontal stress ratio (ESRmax) is ranging between 0,95 and 1,8 according to the presented scenarios and it can be concluded that the faulting stress regime is between normal and strike slip. It is estimated due to the slightly over pressured PP that the operational windows on the carbonates have as lower limits values from 10,5 to 11,1ppg and as higher limits values from 12,3 to 12,6ppg. In the area with PP abnormally pressurized the operational window to the carbonates phase is between 13,3 to 13,8ppg. The present research also discusses the uncertainties associated to the absence of available data and the constitutive models used.
9

[en] WELLBORE STABILITY ANALYSIS IN ANISOTROPIC FORMATIONS / [pt] ANÁLISE DE ESTABILIDADE DE POÇOS EM FORMAÇÕES ANISOTRÓPICAS

DILIA ISABEL LOPEZ GAMERO 27 March 2018 (has links)
[pt] Os problemas de instabilidade de poços durante a perfuração, têm sido um tema de estudo e de interesse muito relevante na indústria, devido às consequências com as quais estão relacionados, por exemplo, o tempo perdido na operação e o consequente aumento de custo do projeto. Nos estudos de análise de estabilidade, com intuito de otimizar a perfuração do poço, normalmente eram assumidas propriedades isotrópicas do meio. Com o desenvolvimento da indústria do petróleo e as novas fronteiras exploratórias, faz-se necessário um estudo mais realista e aprofundado de estabilidade de poços. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização da janela operacional, esta que por sua vez define os limites admissíveis de peso do fluido de perfuração, para que se mantenha a estabilidade do poço. Desta forma, foi desenvolvido um estudo numérico da distribuição de tensões e uma análise analítica para a verificação de falha ao redor do poço, no qual são consideradas as propriedades elásticas anisotrópicas além de critérios de falha na rocha intacta e no plano de fraqueza. Os softwares ABAQUS e MATLAB foram utilizados para a realização dos cálculos necessários no estudo. Os resultados das avaliações realizadas, mostram que a consideração da anisotropia (e de características do meio, como planos de fraqueza) é necessária em estudos deste tipo, pois dependendo do conjunto de propriedades analisadas, estas mostraram que a anisotropia possui um efeito significativo sobre os limites da janela operacional. / [en] Wells stability problems during drilling processes have been a subject of study and interest in the oil and gas industry due to its consequences, such as nonproductive times (NPTs), formation damage, Wells integrity and economic impacts. Isotropic properties in the formation usually had been assumed, however, it is necessary to define more realistic models to represent well stability. In this research, a numerical stress distribution and an analytical analysis have been proposed in order to calculate rock failure around the wellbore and optimize operative mud window, considering anisotropic elastic properties and failure criteria in the intact rock and in the plane of weakness. ABAQUS and MATLAB software were used to represent and solve the numerical-analytical model. The results presented in the assessment proved that the anisotropy consideration (including characteristics of the formation that can induce anisotropy, as plane of weakness) is necessary to be taken in count in this type of investigation because depending of the set of analyzed properties, the range of the operating mud weight window could significantly change.
10

[en] EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN SHALES / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL DOS PARÂMETROS DE TRANSPORTE EM FOLHELHOS

VICTOR MANUEL ARESTEGUI MELENDEZ 25 January 2011 (has links)
[pt] Grande parte dos problemas de instabilidade de poços de petróleo ocorre quando rochas argilosas, como os folhelhos, são perfuradas. Tais problemas são creditados, em geral, à interação físico-química entre os fluidos de perfuração e as referidas rochas. Esta dissertação se foca no estudo experimental do comportamento de folhelhos expostos a diferentes soluções salinas, que simulam os fluidos de perfuração a base de água. O objetivo é estimar os parâmetros de transporte de massa (permeabilidade absoluta, coeficiente de reflexão e difusão) necessários para as análises de estabilidade de poços. São utilizadas um conjunto de células de difusão capazes de simular as condições de tensões in-situ e aplicar gradientes hidráulicos e químicos a corpos de prova de folhelhos. Foram caracterizados dois tipos de folhelhos típicos de plataformas offshore (BC-01) e onshore (Pierre01) provenientes, respectivamente, da Bacia de Campos (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e de Salt Lake City (Utah, Estados Unidos). Ensaios de porosimetria indicam que o folhelho BC-01 apresenta maiores diâmetros de poros quando comparados com o folhelho Pierre01. Resultados dos ensaios nas células de difusão sugerem que a direção dos planos de acamamento presentes nos corpos de prova afetam a permeabilidade e, por conseguinte, o coeficiente de reflexão que o folhelho possui. Os resultados sugerem que a composição mineralógica não tem influencia nos parâmetros de transporte de massa. / [en] The majority of the problems related to wellbore stability occur when argillaceous rocks, such as shales, are drilled. Such problems are believed, in general, to be caused by the physical-chemical interaction between drilling fluids and the referred rocks. This dissertation focuses on the experimental study of the behavior of shales exposed to different saline solutions, which simulated water-based drilling fluids. The objective is to estimate the mass transporting parameters (absolute permeability, reflection coefficient and diffusion) necessary for the analysis of well stability. Groups of diffusion cells are used, being capable of simulating in-situ stress conditions and apply hydraulic gradients and chemicals upon shale samples. Two types of shales were characterized; representative of offshore (BC-01) and onshore (Pierre01) platforms derived, respectively, from Bacia de Campos (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Porosimetry tests indicate that BC-01 shales present larger pore diameters when comparing with Pierre01 Shales. Experimental results from diffusion cells suggest that the direction of foliation planes present in the samples defines its permeability and, therefore the coefficient of reflection that the shales possess. The results suggest that mineral composition does not influence the mass transporting parameters.

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