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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Women in the military are considered a minority population. Recent numbers reflect a 16% representation by women in the total Armed Forces population, with the Air Force displaying the largest proportion (17%), while the Marine Corps has the smallest proportion (6%). Multiple Defense organizations have expressed concern about the progression of women officers into senior leadership positions and the barriers they face to their continued success in the military. This thesis explores the officer career path experienced by women officers progressing through the ranks, primarily during the mid-level grades of Captain (O-3) through Lt Colonel (O-5). It specifically examines women in the United States Marine Corps and Air Force because these two branches of service currently maintain the smallest and largest proportion of women, respectively. The researchers examined the demographic composition of the individual service communities and conducted personal interviews with mid-level (O-3 to O-5) and senior (O-6 and above) officers to investigate any commonalities paralleling the military to the civilian sector. Specifically, this inquiry looks at the "glass ceiling" effect and any strong similarities or differences that may exist between the Marine Corps and the Air Force. Resulting information is expected to reveal a better understanding of military women's career progression and factors that may exist in today's Armed Services, which influence their decision to continue or separate from the military. / Captain, United States Air Force / Major, United States Marine Corps

Introduction Worldwide, 99% of deaths of women in their reproductive ages are due to childbirth and pregnancy complications. Maternal mortality is the subject of the fifth United Nations’ millennium development goal: the aim is to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters from 1990 to 2015. Although much research has been conducted in recent years, knowing the spatial pattern of maternal mortality in developing countries will help target scarce resources and intervention programs to high risk areas for the greatest impact, since nationwide interventions are costly. Objective This study assessed the spatial patterns and trends of, and causes and risk factors associated with, maternal mortality in the Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (IHDSS) in Tanzania, from 2006 to 2010, with a view to providing information that may help reduce maternal mortality in this country. Method A secondary data analysis of a longitudinal study using data from the IHDSS was conducted. Inverse distance weighted (IDW) method of interpolation in ArcGIS was used to assess spatial patterns. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify and quantify risk factors associated with maternal mortality. Results A total of 36 792 women aged 15 to 49 were included in the study of which 77 died due to childbirth or pregnancy related complications. The overall maternal mortality rate for the five years was 0.79 per 1000 person years. The trend declined from 90.42 per 1000 person years in 2006 to 57.42 per person years in 2010. There were marked geographical differences in maternal mortality patterns with high levels of mortality occurring in areas with close proximity to health facilities in some instances. The main causes of maternal death were eclampsia (23%), haemorrhage (22%) and abortion-related complications (10%). Maternal age, marital status and socioeconomic status were found to be risk factors. There was a reduced risk of 82% (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05-0.74) and 78% (HR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05 – 0.92) for women aged 20-29 and 30-39 years, respectively, compared with those younger than 20 years. While being married had a protective effect of 94% (HR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01 - 0.51) compared to being single, women who were widowed had an increased risk of 813% (HR: 9.13, 95% CI: (1.017 – 81.942). Higher socioeconomic status had a protective effect on maternal mortality: women who were in the poorer and least poor socioeconomic groups were 70% (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11 – 0.81) and 75% (HR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.06 - 1.09) less likely to die from maternal causes, respectively, compared to those in the poorest category. Conclusion There has been a decline in maternal mortality in rural southern Tanzania, with geographical differences in patterns of death. Eclampsia, haemorrhage and abortion-related complication are the three leading causes of maternal death in rural southern Tanzania, with risk factors being maternal age less than 20 years, marital status (single, widowed), and lower socioeconomic status. Keywords: maternal mortality, risk factors, spatial pattern, maternal mortality rate, verbal autopsy

Background: Saudi Arabian women’s leadership in medical education is evolving. As in Western contexts, the number of women in formal leadership positions in Saudi medical education is increasing. However, given the unique cultural context, Saudi women health professionals may have less influence in their organizations than their counterparts in the West. Novel digital approaches may offer women a form of leadership by which their influence might be increased. Using the Mededlam.com “LAM” digital initiative, an online digital community dedicated to helping medical professionals in their leadership, teaching, and research roles by disseminating digital content that tackle different topics in medical education, this study explores the emergence of women’s leadership through their participation in an online professional community. Objectives: 1) Establish a common understanding of leadership in a digital context amongst women who are members of the LAM community. 2) Investigate why they have turned to the LAM digital initiative to exercise influence in their profession; and, 3) Explore women’s opinions regarding their online interactions on LAM, including how those opinions have influenced their leadership identities and professional influence/development. Methods: To explore the emergence of women’s leadership in a digital context, a sequential explanatory mixed method approach was adopted. In phase one, a questionnaire was developed based on literature review findings. The questionnaire was disseminated through the LAM website and affiliated social media pages. Seventy-nine women took part in the quantitative phase and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Women who expressed willingness to participate in phase two were invited through email to take part. In phase two, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Qualitative data were analysed using framework analysis. Results: In the first phase, respondents agreed or strongly agreed with definitions provided for leadership in a digital context. Respondents were reluctant to define their use of digital tools as a bid for influence in medical education. In the second phase, qualitative data revealed that women perceived digital tools as novel method of influence for women. However, they identified several issues that deter them from utilizing such tools, including fear of appearing unprofessional and a lack of knowledge on how to influence people online. Conclusion: The potential of digital media as a tool to exercise influence and leadership for women in their profession is promising. For Saudi Arabian women health professionals in medical education, media such as LAM can provide a complementary forum to their real-world leadership and can extend their influence beyond their work environments.

Thesis (M. A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2003 / Refer to the document / National Research Foundation (NRF)

No description available.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Logos Evangelical Seminary, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Abstract of thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1915. / "Reprint from Publication of American statistical association, June, 1914." Also available in digital form on the Internet Archive Web site.