Synthetic hexaploid wheats, created from a durum (Triticum durum) cross to Aegilops tauschii Coss. (McFadden and Sears, 1946), proved to be an efficient and beneficial source of new genes for common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential and performance of synthetic wheat in Texas. Ten elite primary synthetics from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), screened for desirable traits, were backcrossed to two Texas cultivars, TAM 111 and TAM 112. Populations were bulked and modified bulked to advance generations. Agronomic traits related to yield were determined on the F4 and F5 Improvement was observed in South Texas and the Blacklands, which have more disease pressure and fewer intermittent dry spells than another two locations at Chillicothe and Bushland in Texas Rolling and High Plains, respectively. Selected bulks were not superior to non-selected bulks. Head number per unit area had the highest correlation with yield and seed weight was the most heritable trait. Synthetic lines combined better with TAM 111 than TAM 112 in high yielding environments. populations across five Texas locations. Similar to crosses with spring wheat, synthetics contributed to yield through an increase in seed weight. Synthetic populations that produced higher grain yield than both TAM 111 and TAM 112 were able to maintain their large seed size and weight while improving their seed per head and head number traits. Poorer performance in environments with harsh winters could be due to a lack of winter-hardiness in the primary synthetics. This clearly demonstrates that improving yield, through utilization of common wheat by synthetic crosses, could result from selecting for larger seed per head and heads per unit area in lines driven from these populations. Introgression of new genes through synthetic backcrosses could contribute to the improvement of wheat in particular regions of Texas. Primary synthetics and recurrent parents combining for superior hybrids were identified.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamojo darbo tyrimų tikslas buvo įvertinti skirtingų biologinių preparatų, kaip dirvos aktyvatorių, naudojamų rudenį ant priešsėlio (žieminių kviečių) ražienų, bei pavasarį, rapsams esant butonizacijos tarpsnyje, poveikį žieminių rapsų vystymuisi bei derliaus formavimuisi. Lauko eksperimentas buvo atliktas 2010–2011 m. ASU Bandymų stotyje. Dirvožemis IDg8-k (LVg-p-w-cc) – karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisols). Darbo objektas – Žieminis rapsas (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera), linijinė veislė ‘Sunday’. Darbo metodai: Žieminių rapsų biometriniai matavimai, sėklų derlingumas bei derliaus struktūros elementai nustatyti tiesioginio matavimo, skaičiavimo ar svėrimo būdu pagal priimtas lauko eksperimento vykdymo metodikas. Tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti vieno veiksnio arba dviejų veiksnių kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės metodais, taikant kompiuterinę programą ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Darbo rezultatai. Esmingai didžiausias žieminių rapsų šaknies kaklelio skersmuo (13 mm) prieš augalų žiemojimą nustatytas variante, kur ant žieminių kviečių ražienų buvo išpurkštas biologinių preparatų Azofit (1,0 l ha-1) ir Amalgerol (3,0 l ha-1) derinys. Šiame variante peržiemojo 9,73 % daugiau augalų nei kontroliniame. Esmingai didžiausias žieminių rapsų sėklų derlingumas (3,25 t ha-1) gautas variante, kuriame Azofit (1,0 l ha-1) ir Amalgerol (3,0 l ha-1) derinys išpurkštas rudenį ir pavasarį, tai 1,5 t... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of Master thesis research was to evaluate various biological agents, as soil activators, which are used in the fall on the preceding crop (winter wheat) stubble and in spring on rape at bud formation stage, and the impact that these biological agents do to winter rapeseed crop development and formation. Field experiment was conducted in 2010–2011 at ASU Experimental Station. The soil type – Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisols (LVg-p-w-cc). The object – winter rape (Brassica napus ssp. Oleifera) linear sort 'Sunday'. Working methods: biometric measurements of winter rape, seed yield and yield structure elements were determined while using direct measurements, calculations or weighing according field experimental techniques. Research data have been statistically evaluated with a single factor or two factor analysis of variance of quantitative methods of evidence, using a computer program ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Research results. The biggest winter rape root collar diameter (13 mm) before winter was found in variant, where the winter wheat stubble was sprayed with the combination of biological preparations Azofit (1.0 l ha-1) and Amalgerol (3.0 l ha-1). In this variant 9.73% more plants survived winter than in control field. The biggest winter rapeseed yield (3.25 t ha-1) was obtained in the variant where a combination of Azofit (1.0 l ha-1) and Amalgerol (3.0 l ha-1) was sprayed in the autumn and spring, it was 1.5 t ha -1 higher than in the... [to full text]

The scope of this study is to estimate the zero-coupon yield curve of tomorrow by using Vasicek yield curve model with the zero-coupon bond yield data of today. The raw data of this study is the yearly simple spot rates of the Turkish zero-coupon bonds with different maturities of each day from July 1, 1999 to March 17, 2004. We completed the missing data by using Nelson-Siegel yield curve model and we estimated tomorrow yield cuve with the discretized Vasicek yield curve model.

This study aims to determine the safe and sustainable development and management of groundwater resources in Ergene River Basin located in northwestern Turkey. A numerical groundwater model was developed for the Sandy Complex aquifer, which is the most productive and the most widespread aquifer in the basin. The finite difference model with 5900 cells was used to represent the steady and unsteady flow in the aquifer. The model was calibrated in two steps: a steady state calibration by using the observed groundwater levels of January 1970, followed by a transient calibration by using the observed groundwater levels for the period of January 1970 and December 2000. The resulting model was used to develop groundwater pumping scenarios in order to predict the changes in the aquifer system under a set of different pumpage conditions for a planning period of 30 years between January 2001 and December 2030. A total of eight pumping scenarios were developed under transient flow conditions for the planning period and the results were evaluated to determine the safe and sustainable yields of the aquifer. The results, presented in the form of a trade-off curve, demonstrate that the continuation of the present pumping rates exceeds both the safe and the sustainable yields of the aquifer system.

The operation of biogas plants solves environmental aspects (energy management, reduction of negative impacts on the environment, use of renewable energy sources) and their influence in connection with the production of acidogenic (solid) as well as methanogenic (liquid) digestate. This requires establishing mandatory solution procedures in terms of the current legislation (air protection, use of fertilizers). The research for the thesis was carried out in the Agricultural and Commercial Cooperative in Kámen (in the region of Havlíčkův Brod), which lies 527 metres above the sea level. A biogas station has been operated by the cooperative since 2011. In addition to biogas, the cooperative also utilizes the fermentation remnants separated methanogenic digestate as a fertilizer and acidogenic digestate as a raw material for the production of compost. The thesis examined the use of methanogenic digestate when growing silage maize. During the one-year research, two maize hybrids and their response to fertilization by methanogenic digestate were assessed. Both hybrids achieved a higher yield of biomass and a higher yield of the dry matter.

The effects of foliage nutrition facilitate efficient and immediate supply of nutrient needs during the vegetation period. The objective of this thesis is to assess the effects of foliage application of magnesium sulfate and urea for potatoes, that are intended for processing into starch production. There were two sorts of potatoes with different vegetation period under study, an early variety called as Bernard and semi-late variety called as Ornella. The foliage fertilizers were applied in three different variants. In the first variant the sorts of potatoes were fertilized by solution of magnesium sulfate, in the second variant by solution of urea and in the third variant the solution of magnesium sulfate and urea was used. The assessment of the experiment consists of yield on tubers, contain of the starch, yield on starch, the average amount of tubers per tuft, the average weight of tubers and profitability of used foliage fertilizers. In the year under the study the increased yield on tubers and on starch was detected in all three used variants. Both sorts of potatoes showed the best results when the solution of bitter salt and urea was applied. The increased yield on starch was reached through the increased yield on tubers preserving the high contain of starch. The yield of starch increased by 8 % in the semi-late variety of potatoes Ornella. The early variety of potato Bernard showed the increase of yield on starch by 14%.

The aim of the thesis was to assess the formation and reduction in the yield of naked and hulled oat varieties. The research was conducted two years and it was mainly focused on the main elements of income as a number of plants, cuttings, and lat per m2, further was assessed the number of grains per panicle 1, weight of thousand grains and total grain yield. As an additional assessment of quality indicators have been established; volume weight and the proportion of grains of the front. The values of determined individual elements have been compared to each other and evaluated by statistical analysis. The results based on the naked oat varieties attain average yields of grain; diameter compared varieties of naked oats totalled 3.03 tons per hectare, diameter of hulled varieties amounted to 5.03 tons per hectare and other indicators also moved around the average values. It was confirmed that the newer varieties are breeding to a higher threshold of revenue, while old varieties exhibit better values of the quality parameters.

The diploma thesis focuses on comparison of biomass production, dry matter of grain sorghum and sweet content. Four hybrids of sweet sorghum and one hybrid of grain sorghum were chosen for the evaluation. A small-parcel experiment with a line spacing of 0.75 meters was established for the comparison. The experiment was going on for two years. Two years of monitoring showed the differences in yield on biomass and dry matter of individual hybrids. A great potential of biomass and dry matter production in convenient weather condition and the ability of the yield produc-tion in dry and hot conditions by sweet hybrids emerge from the two years results. A grain hybrid yielded a small amount of both biomass and dry matter in both years.

A intensidade de pastejo pode ser reconhecida como primordial na formação do potencial produtivo da lavoura em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPA). Neste estudo, objetivamos entender como diferentes intensidades de pastejo definem a produtividade da soja em SIPA. O trabalho está inserido em um protocolo experimental de longa duração iniciado em 2001, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os tratamentos são definidos durante a fase pastagem, arranjados em um delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados com três repetições em diferentes intensidades de pastejo por novilhos em pasto misto de azevém anual e aveia: pastejo intenso (P10), pastejo moderado (P20), pastejo moderado-leve (P30), pastejo leve (P40) e ausência de pastejo (SP) e ausência de pastejo (SP). A soja foi semeada após a saída dos animais e os dados coletadas durante a safra 2015/16. A inserção do animal não afetou a produtividade da soja (P=0,0570). Análises de cluster e discriminante foram utilizadas no estudo da variação na produtividade. O cluster hierárquico agrupou valores de produtividade em três grupos, alta (CA), intermediária (CI) e baixa (CB), baseado em suas similaridades. Os atributos químicos não foram limitantes da produtividade. O residual da pastagem exerceu papel central na construção do potencial produtivo (P<0,001). A maior população de plantas foi encontrada no CB (P<0,001), com número inferior de legumes por área, frente aos demais cluster (P<0,001). A plasticidade fenotípica da soja explica a compensação pela modificação da arquitetura do estande de plantas nos clusters CA e CI, resultando na maior formação de legumes por planta (P<0,05). Pela análise de cluster observou-se que o P10 não apresenta valores de alta produtividade ao contrário do SP que não possui valores de produtividade baixa. Quase metade dos valores observado no P40 são mais produtividade enquanto, o P20 e P30 tendem a apresentar maior homogeneidade na distribuição entre os clusters. A análise discriminante definiu parâmetros que mais explicam a variação entre os clusters Através da função stepwise encontramos cinco variáveis (residual da pastagem, fósforo, altura final - R8, nós por ramos, legumes por área) que explicam a maioria da variação. O modelo para predizer a produtividade da soja, a partir das variáveis explicativas avaliadas a campo selecionadas pela análise discriminante, demostrou a acurácia na predição da produtividade espacial, em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária com diferentes intensidades de pastejo, sob plantio direto na palha. / Grazing intensity can be considered essential to the potential productivity of crops in integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS). In this study, we aimed to understand how differents grazing intensity defines the subsequent productivity of soybeans in ICLS. The work forms part of a long-term experimental protocol dating from 2001 in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Treatments were defined during the pasture phase, arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates under different grazing intensities by steers on Italian ryegrass and black oat mixed pastures: intense grazing (G10), moderate grazing (G20), moderate-light grazing (G30), light grazing (P40), and an ungrazed control (UG). Soybean was planted after exit of the animals and data were collected during the 2015/16 season. The integration of animals did not affect soybean productivity (P=0.0570). Cluster and discrimination analyses were used to study variation in productivity. The cluster hierarchy returned three groups of productivity values: high (HC), intermediate (IC), and low (LC), based on their similarities. Chemical attributes were not limiting to productivity. Pasture residue played a central role in the determination of potential productivity (P<0.001). The greatest plant population was found in the LC (P<0.001), while more pods per plant were found in the HC and IC (P<0.001). This result is explained by the phenotypic plasticity of soybean, which allows it to compensate for lower plant population by modifying plant stand architecture. The cluster analysis revealed that G10 did not present high productivity values, as opposed to UG, which did not contain low productivity values. Nearly half of the values observed in G40 were more productive, while G20 and G30 tended to produce greater homogeneity in the distribution among clusters. A discrimination analysis defined the parameters that explain the greatest part of the variation among clusters. Using a stepwise function, we found five variables (pasture residue, phosphorus, final plant height at R8, nodes per branch, and pods per area) that explained most of the variation. The model to predict soybean productivity, using the explanatory field variables selected by the discrimination analysis, demonstrated accuracy in the prediction of spatial productivity in ICLS with different grazing intensities under no-till.

The greatest influence on the grain yield was shown by variants of cultivation. Nitrogen fertilization has reached the highest grain yields, the nitrogen-free fertilizer variant showed average results, and the cetacea subsection showed the lowest yields.