The objects of this research were twofold: 1. To develop apparatus and experimental techniques to shorten the exposure times in the study of the vibrational Raman effect of liquids and liquids in the solid state. 2. To use the above in the investigation of the vibrational Raman spectra of the liquid and solid states of Carbon Disulfide. Concurrently, other workers were investigating the infrared absorption spectrum of CS2. The two projects, when integrated, should give a reasonably complete basis for the description of the CS2 molecule. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The infrared absorption spectrum of carbon disulphide in the vapour state has been remeasured in the region from 2 to 15 microns. A total of six bands were measured in the region less than 15 microns. They were located at 3.38, 3.51, 4.29, 4.58, 6.52, and 11.4 microns. The measurements were made with a Perkin-Elmer spectrometer with a D.C. breaker type amplifier and Brown recorder. Cell lengths up to 100cm were employed. The wave lengths of the observed absorption hands are given in a table, and graphs are shown of the percentage transmission over the wave drum setting of the spectrometer. Phase shifting thyratron circuits, suitable for the accurate control of conditions of the absorbing media, are discussed. Of interest are the measurements of the structure of the Ʋ ₃ band at 1535 cmˉ¹. The side band located at the long-wave length side of the Ʋ₃ band is due to the isotopic effect produced by C¹³. The bands obtained are such as to support the conclusion that carbon disulphide is a linear triatomic molecule. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

I. In a special form of micro gas analysis apparatus the following methods may be used to obtain quantitative separations. Carbon dioxide can be removed at 70°C. by absorption in a mixture of sodium, potassium, and lithium hydroxides. Hydrogen, in the presence of carbon monoxide and methane, can be removed by diffusion through a palladium tube at 325°C; no irregularities occur at this temperature. Carbon monoxide is quantiatively oxidized by a mixture of silver oxide and hopcalite at room temperature. Acetylene is removed by condensation in liquid air. II. The surface of an activated carbon may be oxidized by water at room temperature. The reaction produces at least 1.92 micromols of hydrogen per gram of carbon. An equilibrium is established between the hydrogen, water, and the surface complex, after relatively long periods of time. The nature of the complex is not indicated. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

This paper deals with the problem of setting up an infrared spectrometer and recorder under suitable conditions, and in applying the instrument to the absorption spectrum of CS₂ in the vapor phase. Six absorption bands, corresponding to the fundamental vibration V₃ at 1535 cm⁻¹, the difference band V₃ - V₁, at 877 cm⁻¹, and the four combination bands V₁ + V₃ at 2185 cm⁻¹, V₃ + 2V₂ at 2332 cm⁻¹, V₃ +2V₁ at 2838 cm⁻¹, and V₁ + V₃ + 2V₂ at 2959 cm⁻¹ have been examined. Using this value for V₃, a better agreement between the force constant of the C S bond, calculated from V₃, with that calculated from V₁, is obtained. The work is to be continued. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Cryoturbation translocates surface organic-rich horizons deeper in the soils and as such is an important process for carbon sequestration in the active layer (e.g., Kaiser et al., 2007; Van Vliet-Lanoë, 2004). Hummocks, which are non-sorted patterned ground, are sub-meter to meter-scale circular to oval-shaped mounds found in fine-grained frost susceptible sediments. This project examines the distribution, morphology and internal structure of hummocks in the sub-alpine region of the Chuck Creek Trail Valley in the Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park, northern British Columbia. Morphological, sedimentological and geochemical analysis showed that the inter-field differences in hummock morphology of the Chuck Creek Trail Valley were dictated by the silt content within the soil. Hummock fields were found to have an average SOCC for a 1 m pedon of 16.3 kg/m2, 38 % situated in the B-horizon. For this pedon, hummocks fields contained 0.05 Pg – 0.2 Pg according to the distribution probability model. Dating of bulk sediments exhibited a cluster of radiocarbon dates around 2000 cal BP for cryoturbated intrusions, implying subduction rates ranging between 0.03 mm/yr to 0.10 mm/yr and coinciding with a period of climatic cooling (Viau, 2008). In conclusion, the differential frost heave model (Van Vliet-Lanoë, 1991) is the only hypothesis for hummock formation consistent with field evidence in the Chuck Creek Trail Valley.

Previous studies on dwarf bean plants have found a very limited growth response to CO₂ enrichment (Jolliffe and Ehret, 1985; Ehret and Jolliffe, 1985b). There was no increase in leaf area, and leaf injury was observed after about three weeks of CO₂ enrichment (Ehret and Jolliffe, 1985a). Although dry weight was increased, the increase may be limited due to restricted carbon utilization (e.g. no increases in leaf area). In this study, non-photosynthetic limitations, such as the partitioning of dry matter among plant parts, the partitioning of carbon among photosynthetic end products, and the interactive effects of nutrient and carbon supply on growth, that may contribute to the observed growth responses were investigated. Bean plants responded to CO₂ enrichment by increasing their total dry weights. This weight increase was caused by higher growth rate, at least at early growth stages, and higher unit leaf rate. The dry weight increase was mainly in the leaves, and was not evenly distributed among all plant parts. Leaf expansion and branching were not enhanced by CO₂ enrichment. The differential effects of CO₂ enrichment on growth of different parts caused significant increases in specific leaf weight and shoot root ratio, and a decrease in leaf area ratio. These results indicated that the bean plants used in this study have a limited ability to utilize the extra carbon that was fixed under CO₂ enrichment. There were small increases in glucose, fructose, and sucrose concentrations early in the CO₂ treatments. These increases became much larger after three weeks of CO₂ enrichment. The timing of the higher increases in leaf soluble sugars coincided with the timing of increases in stem and roots dry weight. There was also a large increase in starch concentration shortly after plants were transfered to CO₂ enriched condition. The higher starch concentration accounted for the majority of the weight increase in CO₂ enriched leaves, and this starch level was maintained for several days after plants were switched back to ambient CO₂ levels. A ¹⁴C study on the partitioning of carbon between leaf pools showed that carbon transfer out of the storage pool under CO₂ enrichment was limited. CO₂ enrichment had no effects on leaf protein and amino acid concentrations. No difference, or slight increases, were found in inorganic nutrient concentrations per unit leaf area. Plants grown under CO₂ enrichment, however, show a higher loss of nutrients (especially N and K) from older shoot parts (primary leaves and older trifoliates) to younger parts. High NO₃ ̄ supply increased plant dry weight and leaf area under both CO₂ enriched and ambient conditions. The dry weight increases of the stem and roots caused by CO₂ enrichment, however, were much higher and earlier for high NO₃ ̄treated plants. Furthermore, lower leaf starch concentration was also observed for those CO₂ enriched high NO₃ ̄ treated plants. High NO₃ ̄ supply also increased the leaf nutrient concentrations (N, K, Mg, Ca). Increased uptake of nutrients for high NO₃ ̄ treated plants may be partly contributed by the enhanced root growth. In addition to the growth responses, foliar abnormalities developed gradually in beans under CO₂ enrichment. Chlorosis, assessed by a loss in total chlorophyll concentration, was observed in the primary leaves after about three weeks of CO₂ enrichment. The disorder eventually appeared in the oldest trifoliate leaves after more prolonged CO₂ enrichment. The onset of leaf injury was correlated with the timing of the increases in leaf soluble sugars and the redistribution of nutrient elements from the older shoot parts to the younger parts. High NO₃ ̄ supply delayed the development of leaf injury induced by high CO₂. Results in the present studies indicate that growth responses of dwarf bean plants to CO₂ enrichment were affected by the limited carbon partitioning, and the restriction of starch degradation was indicated to be the probable cause. A higher carbon input under CO₂ enrichment may create a higher demand for inorganic elements. Effects of nutrient supply (NO₃ ̄) on growth responses and leaf injury of CO₂ enriched plants suggested that an imbalance between carbon and nutrient input could be partly related to the limited growth responses of dwarf bean plants to CO₂ enrichment. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This is a study of the catalysed reduction of cobalt (IT) to metal by carbon monoxide from aqueous, ammoniacal solutions between 180 and 230°C and from 0 to 50 atm. CO. The reaction proceeds through the intermediate formation of a cobalt carbonyl anion. Under the conditions of this study this intermediate is produced homogeneously, and also heterogeneously in the presence of cobalt sulfide. Metal formation occurs only in the presence of cobalt sulfide. The stoichiometry of the production of cobalt carbonyl anion is consistent with the equation. [ Equation omitted ] Metal formation follows stoichiometry of the equation [ Equation omitted ] The following equations represent a mechanism that is consistent with the kinetic observations: [ Equations omitted ] A side reaction involving carbon monoxide and hydroxyl ion produces formate ion, In the presence of cobalt sulfide, hydrogen rather than formate ion is the product. The following equations represent a mechanism that is consistent with experimental observations: [ Equations omitted ] A method for the separation of cobalt (II) from nickel (II) in aqueous solution is suggested. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Composites are increasingly used in aerospace applications where performance is the foremost priority of industry. Research on carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced polymers conducted in the past decade showed promising results for the improvement of mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of composites. This thesis was undertaken in the context of a larger project, the main goal of which is to develop a complete solution for the manufacturing of carbon fibre-epoxy composites using CNT-reinforced epoxies, referred to as multi-scale composites. This thesis focuses on the thermal aspect of this project under three topics: 1) thermal conductivity of dry carbon fibre fabrics for understanding heat diffusion in composites and similar fabric materials 2) thermal conductivity of CNTreinforced polymers and composites for determining the effect of parameters including CNT addition, and 3) modelling of heat transfer during composite manufacturing for ensuring that their temperature distribution remains controlled. In-plane k rip and through-thickness k rtt thermal conductivity data were measured for two dry carbon fibre fabrics as a function of fibre volume fraction Vf . Results showed that k rip varies linearly with Vf whilst k rtt varies in an exponential recovery trend with Vf . An existing analytical model was used successfully for predicting k rip and simulations developed for predicting k rtt values demonstrated that k rtt depends on the evolution of heat conduction paths in the through-thickness direction as a result of improvements in the fibre contact network. A procedure was developed for manufacturing composites using the RFI process. Thirty-two composites and multi-scale composite plates were manufactured and characterised for investigating the effects of eleven material and manufacturing parameters on fibre volume fraction, porosity, k rip and k rtt . Results showed that the effect of using multi-walled CNT-reinforced epoxy on thermal conductivity of composites is negligible at 0.3% CNT loading. However, this reduced the porosity of the composites significantly. Results also showed that using fabrics with higher surface densities led to a slight increase in k cip . A heat transfer model coupled with cure kinetics was developed for predicting temperature profiles of the laminate during RFI manufacturing. The model was validated experimentally and eleven simulation cases were run for investigating the effects of five material and manufacturing parameters on temperature profiles in the laminate. Results showed that the epoxy resins used in this project combined with the cure cycle recommended by the manufacturer are well-suited for manufacturing laminates with a typical thickness of approximately 5 mm as well as thick laminates of 15 mm to 20 mm.

Rapeseed protein isolate from pH 10 NaOH extraction was analyzed by gas chromatography (isothiocyanates) and UV absorption (goitrin) (Youngs and Wetter, 1967) and found to contain glucosinolates at levels equivalent to 0.75 mg 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 0.57 mg 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate, and 0.51 mg oxazolidinethione (goitrin) per g isolate. A two-stage process was developed to decrease the levels of these toxins. Isolate slurry was incubated at pH 7.2 with crude myrosinase extracted from white mustard seed (to convert glucosinolates to isothiocyanates and goitrin), adjusted to pH 10, and passed through a granular activated carbon column. Subsequent analysis revealed only 0.006 mg 4- pentenyl isothiocyanate per g isolate. Goitrin was not detectable. Infrared analysis confirmed that the column was also partially effective in nitrile removal. To eliminate the need for myrosinase purification, the process was modified to include ground white mustard seed addition directly to rapeseed meal slurry. After incubation, the protein was extracted, purified by isoelectric precipitation, re-dissolved, and treated by the activated carbon column. This modification was included in the "recommended detoxification procedure". Subsequent experiments on protein extracts prepared and carbon treated at pH's from 3 to 12, inclusive, revealed that all treatments in the range of pH 3 to 10 were at least 93% effective in isothiocyanate removal. A lower efficiency was observed above pH 10. Storage tests (24 hours) on aglycone containing protein solutions showed increased loss of isothiocyanates with increasing pH from 5 to 10. This could be due to their interaction with protein (Bjorkman, 1973). The column completely removed chromatographically purified glucosinolates from aqueous solution. However, the results could not be duplicated for solutions containing rapeseed protein. Glucosinolate content was determined by trimethylsilation and gas chromatography (modified method of Underhill and Kirkland, 1971). / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The 4.6m millimeter wave telescope at the University of British Columbia has been used to map a region 1/2° in diameter centered on 1=30°, b=0° in the J=1->0 transition of ¹²C¹⁶0. This study of the inner edge of the galactic molecular ring has revealed two well defined giant molecular clouds with diameters of approximately 30 pc and masses in the order of 5 x 10⁵ M⊙. In addition our analysis indicates that a substantial fraction, amounting to approximately 30%, of the integrated CO intensity comes from a feature covering the entire field observed. We have also found a complex of four clouds whose linewidths are a factor of two greater than those of the standard giant molecular clouds. The nature of these clouds is at present uncertain. The number of clouds detected in our survey gives as 5000 the total number of giant molecular clouds in the galaxy. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate