No description available.

This thesis presents a comprehensive review of research into students’ depictions of quantum mechanics. A taxonomy to describe and compare quantum mechanics education research is presented, and this taxonomy is used to highlight the foci of prior research. A brief history of quantum mechanics education research is also presented. Research implications of the review are discussed, and several areas for future research are proposed. In particular, this thesis highlights the need for investigations into what interpretations of quantum mechanics are employed in teaching, and that classical physics – in particular the classical particle model – appears to be a common theme in students’ inappropriate depictions of quantum mechanics. Two future research projects are presented in detail: one concerning interpretations of quantum mechanics, the other concerning students’ depictions of the quantum mechanical wave function.This thesis also discusses teaching implications of the review. This is done both through a discussion on how Paper 1 can be used as a resource for lecturers and through a number of teaching suggestions based on a merging of the contents of the review and personal teaching experience.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis concerns paper and ink interactions related to inkjet printing. The main purpose of this work was to gain a deeper understanding in which parameters control the flow of ink into papers and how the ink interacts with the paper surface. The overall objective was to find key parameters to optimize the print quality in inkjet printing. Characterization of paper-surfaces in terms of porosity, surface roughness and surface energy was made. Objective and subjective measurements were used for print quality evaluation. Light microscopy imaging and SEM was used to see how ink interacts with the paper surface in a printed image. A high speed camera was used to study the absorption of picolitre sized inkjet droplets into fine papers. An initial study on the effect of paper properties on print quality was made. Result indicated that there were small differences in print quality for pilot papers with different composition (in a specific parameter window) and the commercial paper COLORLOK® reproduced a noticeable high colour gamut compared to the other samples.Research was made to see how surface fixation can affect the print quality for printouts made with pigmented ink. Surface fixation promotes retention of the pigmented colorant in the outermost surface layer of the paper and has been denoted “colorant fixation” in this thesis. It was shown that applying colorant fixation onto a paper surface before printing can increase the detail reproduction in a printed image. Different concentrations of calcium chloride were applied onto the paper surface on fullscale produced non-commercial papers. Test printing was made with a SoHo (Small office/Home office) printer using pigmented ink and results showed that using calcium chloride as surface treatment can lead to aggregation of pigments at the surface resulting in a higher detail reproduction. Fast absorption of the carrier liquid into the paper and fast fixation of colourants on the surface is important in inkjet printing to avoid colour to colour bleeding. These demands will be more pronounced when the printing speed increases. It is important to understand which parameters affect the absorption process to be able to control the mechanisms and to optimize the print quality. A study of absorption of picolitre size inkjet droplets into fine paper was made in this work. Theoretical equations describing fluid absorption into capillaries were tested and compared with experimental results. The result showed that the time dependence in the Lucas-Washburn (L-W) equation fits fairly well to data whereas the L-W equation overestimates the penetration depth. The results are directly applicable to paper and printing industry and can be used as a base for future studies of absorption of picolitre sized droplets into porous materials and for studies of aggregation of colloidal particles on surfaces. / Presentationen hölls den 2011-02-25 / Next generation substrates for inkjet printing

<p>Measuring the dynamics of a quantum bit (qubit) relies on the accurate detection of the quantum state of the system. A widely used method to measure the state of a solid state Josephson junction qubit is to measure the switching current of a Josephson device.</p><p>This work investigates the measurement of the switching current of SQUID samples by means of fast current pulses. The response of a SQUID to a square current pulse has to be measured at the top of a dilution refrigerator through long cables, resulting in bandwidth limitations. A switch in the last instance of a pulse will not be detected, resulting in uncertainties in the detection. We explain how a square bias pulse that is directly followed by a hold level of lower amplitude can be used to circumvent the bandwidth limitations by latching the state of the system it was in after the bias pulse. This corresponds to a sample and hold measurement.</p><p>Every single measurement in a quantum mechanical probability measurement has to be statistically independent. We show correlation measurements for di erent settings of the pulse parameters and at di erent magnitudes of the switching current. A gure of merit for a quantum detector is its resolution. The measurements show that with the sample and hold technique good current resolutions can be obtained, even at very small magnitudes and short pulse durations. In order to make a fast measurement of the switching current, the switching process must occur during the bias pulse. We show in both measurements and computer simulations that a fast switch pulse can induce switching by the hold level,even when the hold level was initially adjusted to a value where it never switched the sample. The computer simulations show that by choosing the hold amplitude low enough, switching occurs rapidly, determined by the bias pulse alone.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>In urban societies people spend more and more time indoors, which put great demands on the indoor environment. If the ventilation is to manage the removal of unwanted substances in the indoor air, a good mixing of the air is required. The question arises that, whether the buoyancy forces will counteract a good mixing of the indoor air or not?</p><p>This report aims to clear up the difficulties whether you need to consider the buoyancy forces or not, when adjusting a ventilation unit. For studying the indoor mixing of the air a two dimensional model is constructed in COMSOL Multiphysics. In this model several supply air temperatures is simulated to see how much the temperature affects the mixing of the air.</p><p>The physical relations that are being used in this model is the Navier-Stoke’s equation for Non-Isothermal flow, the relations for General Heat transfer and the relation for Convection and Diffusion. These relations exist as tools in COMSOL Multiphysics.</p><p>It wasn’t possible to get the model to converge at low air velocities, because the model is dependent of accuracy in the field of cm or mm.</p><p>The lowest velocity, in the zone of occupancy, which the model was able to simulate was 0.5 m/s but it takes velocities below 0.2 m/s to fulfill the indoor climate requirements due to the problems concerning draft.</p><p>It was possible to see that the buoyancy forces affect the mixing of the air to a certain degree, despite high air velocities.</p><p>Unfortunately it wasn’t possible to see to what degree you have to consider the buoyancy forces when adjusting a ventilation unit. To see the affects of the buoyancy forces or not, is highly dependent on the velocity of the air. Because the force generated by the supply air increases by the square of the velocity change.</p><p>When constructing a more detailed model, which is a requirement for convergence when having low velocities, the memory of the computer isn’t enough.</p><p>The results of the simulations show that a computer with more calculation capacity, than the Karlstad University can offer, is needed to make a successful simulation.</p>

Abstract In urban societies people spend more and more time indoors, which put great demands on the indoor environment. If the ventilation is to manage the removal of unwanted substances in the indoor air, a good mixing of the air is required. The question arises that, whether the buoyancy forces will counteract a good mixing of the indoor air or not? This report aims to clear up the difficulties whether you need to consider the buoyancy forces or not, when adjusting a ventilation unit. For studying the indoor mixing of the air a two dimensional model is constructed in COMSOL Multiphysics. In this model several supply air temperatures is simulated to see how much the temperature affects the mixing of the air. The physical relations that are being used in this model is the Navier-Stoke’s equation for Non-Isothermal flow, the relations for General Heat transfer and the relation for Convection and Diffusion. These relations exist as tools in COMSOL Multiphysics. It wasn’t possible to get the model to converge at low air velocities, because the model is dependent of accuracy in the field of cm or mm. The lowest velocity, in the zone of occupancy, which the model was able to simulate was 0.5 m/s but it takes velocities below 0.2 m/s to fulfill the indoor climate requirements due to the problems concerning draft. It was possible to see that the buoyancy forces affect the mixing of the air to a certain degree, despite high air velocities. Unfortunately it wasn’t possible to see to what degree you have to consider the buoyancy forces when adjusting a ventilation unit. To see the affects of the buoyancy forces or not, is highly dependent on the velocity of the air. Because the force generated by the supply air increases by the square of the velocity change. When constructing a more detailed model, which is a requirement for convergence when having low velocities, the memory of the computer isn’t enough. The results of the simulations show that a computer with more calculation capacity, than the Karlstad University can offer, is needed to make a successful simulation.

<p>The purpose of this thesis was to investigate different methods do measure velocity of pistons in pneumatic cylinders at Bosch Rexroth Teknik AB. Through information of velocity the adjustment of a cylinders damping can be done easier.</p><p>A future transducer will be used by salesmen, service personnel and customers. This requires a sensor that is easy to apply and use. It is also desirable that the sensor is cheap. A number of possible methods to measure velocity have been presented. In general, the requirements above have been difficult to fulfill.</p><p>In almost all pneumatic cylinders, magnets are mounted on the piston. Magnetic sensors are then used for proximity sensing to detect its extreme positions. A similar way can be used for velocity sensing. Assume that two magnetic sensors are placed on a fixed distance between each other, along the pistons direction of motion. The time to travel between the sensors is an expression for the velocity of the piston.</p><p>One way to solve the problem has been chosen and the accuracy of this method has been verified. This has been done under the assumption that the errors due to mounting is neglected and that the direction of sensitivity is idealistic.</p>

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate different methods do measure velocity of pistons in pneumatic cylinders at Bosch Rexroth Teknik AB. Through information of velocity the adjustment of a cylinders damping can be done easier. A future transducer will be used by salesmen, service personnel and customers. This requires a sensor that is easy to apply and use. It is also desirable that the sensor is cheap. A number of possible methods to measure velocity have been presented. In general, the requirements above have been difficult to fulfill. In almost all pneumatic cylinders, magnets are mounted on the piston. Magnetic sensors are then used for proximity sensing to detect its extreme positions. A similar way can be used for velocity sensing. Assume that two magnetic sensors are placed on a fixed distance between each other, along the pistons direction of motion. The time to travel between the sensors is an expression for the velocity of the piston. One way to solve the problem has been chosen and the accuracy of this method has been verified. This has been done under the assumption that the errors due to mounting is neglected and that the direction of sensitivity is idealistic.