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Auxiliary Wnt3A Signaling in Cell Fate Decisions of C3H10T1/2 Mesenchymal Stem CellsRossol-Allison, Jessica K. January 2011 (has links)
<p>Activation of Wnt signaling pathways is critical to a variety of developmental events across all animal taxa. These highly evolutionarily conserved pathways are also important in the adult organism for maintaining homeostasis of self-renewing tissues. Because of its role in such important physiological processes, deregulation of Wnt signaling can have severe consequences; indeed, inappropriate activation of this pathway has been implicated in multiple human diseases, including cancer.</p><p>Upon binding their cellular receptors, canonical Wnt ligands, like Wnt 3A, stimulate the stabilization, accumulation, and nuclear translocation of a multifunctional cellular protein βcatenin, the consequence of which is induction of βcatenin-dependent transcription. This work describes the identification and characterization of two Wnt3A-stimulated intracellular signaling pathways activated in parallel to βcatenin stabilization: the RhoA pathway and the ERK pathway. These two auxiliary pathways do not affect βcatenin stability, accumulation, or subcellular localization; rather, they modulate βcatenin -dependent transcriptional activity through other mechanisms. As a result of their influence on βcatenin-dependent transcription, these pathways instruct cell fate decisions in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells, in particular inhibition of adipogenesis and promotion of osteoblastogenesis.</p><p>Expression microarray analysis and biochemical and pharmacological techniques were used to further characterize the two Wnt3A-stimulated auxiliary pathways in C3H10T1/2 cells. Remarkably, each pathway influences βcatenin function via a novel mechanism. In the Wnt3A/RhoA pathway, Wnt3A-stimulated trimeric G proteins activate a RhoA-ROCK-SRF cascade. Activated SRF can cooperate with βcatenin to enhance the induction of Wnt3A target genes, like Ctgf, that also contain SRF binding sites within regulatory elements. In the Wnt3A/ERK pathway, Wnt3A transactivates the EGFR in a concentration-dependent manner, leading ultimately to ERK activation, which interacts with and promotes βcatenin/Tcf4 interaction and enhances induction of βcatenin/Tcf4 target genes. </p><p>These data emphasize the complexity of Wnt signaling and have intriguing implications regarding cross-regulation of the pathway, especially in stem cells. Also, since not all cells are capable of responding to Wnt3A by activation of these auxiliary pathways, this work identifies novel mechanisms that could underlie cell type-specific responses to Wnts and provides mechanistic insight into cellular responses to Wnt concentration gradients. Moreover, this work identifies novel transcriptional mechanisms important for promoting osteogenic cell fate specification, which could ultimately provide new therapeutic targets in disease states with bone loss or ineffective bone formation.</p> / Dissertation
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Rôle de la voie Wnt/ßcaténine dans la physiopathologie de la cortico-surrénale / Role of the Wnt/ßcatenin pathway in the pathophysiology of cortico-adrenal diseaseBerthon, Annabel 15 October 2012 (has links)
Les tumeurs cortico-surrénaliennes bénignes et malignes sont associées à une morbidité élevée résultant de l’hypersécrétion des hormones cortico-surrénaliennes, retrouvée chez près de 60% des patients. Au delà des perturbations endocrines, les carcinomes cortico-surrénaliens (CCS) sont des tumeurs de mauvais pronostic avec 16 à 38% de survie à 5 ans. Cette agressivité résulte à la fois de la présence de métastases chez de nombreux patients, au moment du diagnostic (30 à 40% des cas) et de l’absence d’approches thérapeutiques, au delà de la résection chirurgicale de la tumeur primaire. Au début de ma thèse, les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le développement des tumeurs bénignes et malignes de la cortico-surrénale, étaient largement méconnus. L’activation anormale de la voie de signalisation Wnt/ßcaténine dans 48% des tumeurs bénignes et 37% des tumeurs malignes, suggérait que cette voie pouvait, comme dans d’autres tissus, participer au développement tumoral dans la cortico-surrénale. Afin de confirmer cette hypothèse, nous avons développé et caractérisé un modèle de souris transgéniques dans lesquelles la ßcaténine est constitutivement activée, spécifiquement dans le cortex surrénalien (souris ∆Cat). Grâce à ces souris, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que la ßcaténine agit comme un oncogène dans la cortico-surrénale, mais que son activation constitutive ne suffit pas à déclencher systématiquement le développement de tumeurs malignes. Chez plus de 90% des patients, la formation des CCS est associée à la surexpression du facteur de croissance IGF2. Grâce à des modèles de souris transgéniques qui surexpriment Igf2, nous avons pu montrer que cette surexpression n’a que peu d’effet sur l’initiation ou la progression tumorale, suggérant que d’autres altérations sont requises pour favoriser la transition maligne. Des résultats préliminaires encourageants suggèrent que la surexpression de l’histone méthyl-transférase EZH2 et les altérations épigénétiques résultantes, pourraient être la clé du développement des CCS. Parallèlement, nous avons montré que l’activation constitutive de la ßcaténine conduit au développement d’un hyperaldostéronisme primaire chez les souris ∆Cat, suggérant que l’activation de la voie Wnt/ßcaténine pourrait participer à la formation d’adénomes surrénaliens producteurs d’aldostérone (APA) chez les patients. Effectivement, nous avons mis en évidence que l’activation constitutive de la ßcaténine est l’altération moléculaire la plus fréquente dans les APA, avec une prévalence de 68%. Des analyses in vitro m’ont permis de montrer que la ßcaténine stimule la production d’aldostérone en contrôlant directement et indirectement l’expression de deux enzymes clés de la synthèse d’aldostérone – CYP21 et CYP11B2 – et du récepteur à l’angiotensine II (le sécrétagogue naturel de l’aldostérone), AT1R. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que la production excessive d’aldostérone chez les souris ∆Cat, pouvait être maîtrisée par un régime enrichi en quercétine, un inhibiteur naturel de l’activité transcriptionnelle de la ßcaténine. L’ensemble de ces résultats démontre l’importance de la voie Wnt/ßcaténine dans la tumorigenèse surrénalienne et dans l’hypersécrétion d’aldostérone ce qui fait d’elle une nouvelle cible thérapeutique potentielle. / Benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours are associated with a high morbidity caused by the hypersecretion of adrenocortical hormones found in approximately 60% of patients. Moreover, adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) have poor prognosis with a 5 years survival rate of 16 to 38%. This aggressiveness results from both the presence of metastases at diagnosis in most patients (30 to 40% of cases) and the absence of therapeutic approaches apart from surgical resection of primary tumours. At the start of my thesis, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours were largely unknown. Abnormal activation of the Wnt/ßcatenin pathway found in 48% of benign tumours and 37% of malignant tumours suggests that as in other tissues, this pathway could participate in tumour development in the adrenal cortex. To confirm this hypothesis, we developed and characterized a transgenic mouse model with constitutive activation of ßcatenin, specifically in the adrenal cortex (∆Cat mice). With this model, we demonstrated for the first time that ßcatenin acted as an adrenocortical oncogene but that this activation was insufficient to systematically induce the development of adrenocortical carcinomas. In almost 90% of patients, CCS formation is associated with the overexpression of the growth factor IGF2. However, the development of a model of Igf2 overexpression in transgenic mice, allowed us to demonstrate that this overexpression could not initiate tumour formation and that it had a mild effect on tumour progression. This suggested that other alterations were necessary for malignant progression. Our encouraging preliminary results suggest that upregulation of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and the resulting epigenetic defects could be the cause of ACC development. In parallel, we demonstrated that constitutive ßcatenin activation induced primary hyperaldosteronism development in ∆Cat mice suggesting that aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway could be involved in formation of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) in patients. Indeed, we showed that constitutive activation of ßcatenin was the most frequent molecular alteration in APA with a prevalence of 68%. In vitro analysis allowed us to demonstrate that ßcatenin stimulates aldosterone production by controlling directly and indirectly the expression of two key enzymes of aldosterone synthesis –CYP21 and CYP11B2- and of the angiotensin II receptor, AT1R. Furthermore, we showed that excessive aldosterone production in ∆Cat mice could be controlled by a diet enriched in quercetin, a natural inhibitor of the transcriptional activity of ßcatenin. Altogether these results demonstrate the essential role of the Wnt/ßcatenin pathway in adrenocortical tumorigenesis and aldosterone secretion. Consequently, this pathway could be a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of most adrenal tumours.
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