The boreal forest forms a band that stretches across the continents of the northern hemisphere. Wildfire disturbances have helped transform this forest into stands of varying ages with varying soil drainage. It is well known that the boreal forest contributes greatly to the global water cycle, but less is known as to how variable these water fluxes are throughout the forest mosaic. Throughout the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007, meteorological measurements were taken during the growing season from three different aged black spruce stands near Thompson, MB. The stands that were burned in 1930 and 1964 each included upland and lowland sites with independent measurements. The stand burned in 1850 had measurements taken only from an upland site. Evapotranspiration (ET) was calculated from the residual energy after net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H) and ground heat flux were measured. We sought to investigate whether ET varied with stand age and topographic location. Results indicate that there is a significant increase in Rn, H, and ET as forests age. ET levels range from being 4% to 19% lower for younger stands. It is assumed that the depth of the organic layer at older sites allows for mosses to more effectively wick up available moisture through capillary rise, and have higher transpiration levels. The larger tree density at the 1964 sites compared to the 1930 sites may account for a portion of the observed increase in ET for these ages. Differences in drainage between the 1930 and 1850 sites may also account for a portion of the increase in ET observed between these two ages. Wetland sites had H and ET that were significantly less than for the upland sites. ET rates were 11 to 20% higher at the upland sites than the wetland sites; part of this difference is thought to be due to the presence of larger trees, with an increased capacity to transpire water at upland sites. As the number of forest fires has been predicted to increase substantially in the future, the prospect of the boreal forest average stand age being younger would affect the boreal’s water and energy budgets. Our data helps to describe water and energy budgets for forest stands with different drainage capabilities, for stands between the ages of 45 and 160 years. This knowledge will be used to help predict the degree and speed of climate change that will be experienced in the boreal forest.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1986. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-234).

La presente Investigación “Análisis, Evaluación y Propuesta para mejorar el Sinceramiento Contable en la Municipalidad Distrital de La Esperanza, para el periodo 2017-2019”, se planteó como objetivo general: Mejorar el Sinceramiento Contable de los saldos de las cuentas del Balance 1201 Cuentas Por Cobrar, 1501 Edificios y Estructuras, y la cuenta 1503 Vehículos, Maquinarias y Otros en la Municipalidad Distrital de la Esperanza para el periodo 2017 – 2019. Buscando lograr este objetivo se aplicó el Análisis Interno, Análisis Entorno, Análisis de Actores – MACTOR- y Análisis de  Deficiencias de Capacidades Institucionales – SADCI-  aplicados a todo el estado contable: saldos de las cuentas del Balance; 1201 cuentas por Cobrar; 1501 Edificios y Estructuras, 1503 Vehículos, Maquinarias y Otros de la Municipalidad Distrital de la Esperanza, para el periodo 2017 – 2019.

1. Two aspects of long-term salt and water excretion were measured in Glaucous-winged Gulls, Larus glaucescens. Total body water volume and turnover rate were measured in birds drinking fresh water and drinking sea water by THO disappearance rate. Na+, K+, and CI- excretions over 24 hours were measured by continuous collection of cloacal and salt gland excretions from birds fed fish, fish plus a salt load, or a salt load only. 2. Total body water volume was found to be 79% of body weight on both fresh water and sea water drinking regimes. TBW volume is large compared to other birds. 3. Mean total body water turnover rate was the same for both drinking regimes (0.064 ml/g-day); this value is the same as the predicted rate based on data from other birds. 4. There were no significant differences between the fish and fish salt fed birds in the pattern or amounts of ion excretion. 5. Sodium and chloride were excreted in approximately equal amounts from the salt gland and cloaca. Most potassium was excreted via the cloaca. Thirty-eight percent of the total sodium, 6% of the total potassium and 58% of the total chloride excreted were contained in the salt gland secretion of both the fish and fish + salt groups of gulls. 6. The fluid and solid portions of the cloacal excretion were analyzed for ions. Cations were divided between the two portions. In the fish and fish + salt fed birds, 51.8 + 7.8% of the cloacal Na+ and 61.8 + 4.5% of the cloacal K+ was found in the solid portion of the cloacal excreta. Chloride was detected in the fluid portion only. 7. The two birds given only a salt load had lower rates of evaporative water loss and smaller amounts of cloacal solids compared to the fed birds. 8. The large TBW volume may be advantageous to marine birds as a buffer against excess salt ingestion. The constancy of TBW turnover rate suggests that the gulls are specifically adapted to their environment where salt, but not water, is a stress. 9. The results suggest that the salt gland, cloacal fluids and especially the cloacal solids are important routes for ion excretion for fed birds and that osmoregulatory processes for fed and unfed birds may be different. 10. These data imply that although the salt gland is the primary adaptation of marine birds to salt stress, the entire process of salt and water metabolism also involves other more subtle mechanisms. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

This study investigated the relationship between balance on a moving base and balance on a stationary base. The hypothesis chosen for this investigation was that the correlation between the two types of balance would be zero.

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E-commerce is a growing market for selling gods and digital images are often used to display the product. However, there is a problem when the color of the object does not match the reality. This can lead to a dissatisfaction of the customer and a return of the product. Returned goods causes a significant loss in revenue for the suppliers. One reason for untruthful rendering of colors in images is due to different temperatures, or colors, of the illumination sources lighting the scene and the object. This effect can be reduced by a method called white balance. In this thesis, an algorithm based on the technique in Hsu et al. was implemented for a more truthful rendering of images of clothes and toys used in e-commerce. The algorithm removes unwanted color casts induced in the image from two different illumination sources. The thesis also marks important details missing in aforementioned paper as well as some drawbacks of the proposed technique, such as high processing time.

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