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藥品廣告之法規範與健康素養 / The regulation of pharmaceutical advertising and health literacy林承宇, Lin, Cheng-Yu Unknown Date (has links)
為國民的健康把關,通常是政府作為實現國民健康權的一種具體作為,有關國民的用藥安全更是政府責無旁貸的責任。本論文著眼於「虛擬藥房」的藥品廣告刺激一般常民用藥的消費過程,政府基於保護國民健康所採取的介入方式是「法規範」對藥品廣告的管理,此種管理方式隨著藥品本身與商業言論的時空變遷會有緊縮或放寬的變革,然而易侷限於專業精英討論的上層層次;後有主管機關意識到常民健康的落實須直達正確的用藥觀念,以健康促進作為彌補上層可能無法下達困境的下層層次。
本論文以為,此二層次對應的概念仍屬「由上對下」的意識,亦即「政府」下對「常民」的概念。這種由上而下的把關做法,在維護國民「健康權」的國家、社會與個人法益上固然有其必要;惟欲落實整體健康權的實踐,仍須回歸「健康素養」的具體貫徹。亦即,本論文主張政府所主導的法規範或健康促進的作為,必須同時伴隨常民健康素養的賦權,兼顧「由下而上」的作法,不斷促使法規範與社會現實互為主體,則法規範才能真實維護與實踐國民的「健康權」。 / It is the constitutional and legal responsibility of the State to protect people’s health and achieve “the right to health” via, among others, the provision of safe medicines. The vast amounts of advertisings have challenged the State to providing safety access to medicines. This thesis focuses on the advertisings of “virtual pharmacies”, and attempts to investigate how they stimulate consumer behaviors. Legally, the State controls pharmaceutical advertising by means of various different legislative and administrative measures. Nonetheless, this “top-down” process has had only limited effects due to rapid social change and the evolution of the protection of commercial speech. This thesis argues that, to fill the gap, the promotion and development of “health literacy”, i.e. a “bottom-up” way, could be the answer to a meaningful control of pharmaceutical advertisings.
This thesis conducts empirical analyses and applies them to various theories of political economy regarding pharmaceutical advertising. Moreover, the relationships between “health literacy” and “the right to health” are also elaborated. It is argued that to substantiate the constitutional “right to health”, the best way is to promote and develop the concept of “health literacy”. Only through empowering the consumers with the proper knowledge of “health literacy” can the State, assisted by the implementation of relevant laws, fulfills its responsibility. “Health literacy” is as important as law itself, and the latter cannot satisfactorily operate to arrive at the desired results without the construction of the former.
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美國《病人保護暨可負擔醫療法》之研究 / A study on American “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act”李照華, Li, Jhao Hua Unknown Date (has links)
美國前總統歐巴馬於2010年簽署之法案「病人保護暨可負擔醫療法」(Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, PPACA)又稱「歐巴馬醫療法」(Obamacare),主要目的之一在於提升對人民醫療照顧的保障,擴大人民的醫療照顧覆蓋面,並讓醫療保險成為可負擔的,具體改革面向主要在公共醫療照顧的範圍擴大、對人民強制納保規定,與對於商業醫療保險之各種規制,而從歐巴馬醫療法內容中,得以探討美國如何在維持既有醫療照顧體系架構、商業醫療保險為主導的模式中,透過對商業醫療保險的規制來成就相當於社會保險所實現的社會安全,並與我國作比較,雖然主要採取之醫療照顧模式不同,但同樣在促成全民納保的社會國目的之達成,兩國背後的立法背景、操作上有何異同,以及會遇到之爭議與困境何在,並且進一步思考是否有讓我國在處理目前制度問題的值得參考之處。
本文先論述美國傳統對於醫療照顧的心態與背景,並介紹美國的醫療照顧制度與衍生的問題,並從中了解醫療照顧之相關權利、全民納保觀念在美國的發展狀況,接著介紹歐巴馬醫療法的發展過程與實際內容,聚焦在擴大醫療照顧覆蓋面與令醫療保險成為可負擔之相關規定,並了解幾個重要的聯邦最高法院對歐巴馬醫療法之違憲審查判決中對爭議的處理,之後觀察歐巴馬醫療法如何透過對商業醫療保險的規制來讓其能成就社會安全功能,並追蹤後續歐巴馬醫療法實施後之成效與未來可能變化。對照我國,在介紹我國全民健康保險之發展與內容後,比較兩國在促成全民納保的背景、立法與釋憲過程中的爭議為何且如何處理、全民納保的操作內容,以及醫療照顧相關權利的承認與否、商業醫療保險的角色等,也從中討論是否有我國在解決現今全民健保之問題上可參考之面向。
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