菸品廣告規範之研究 中文摘要 就傳播法的角度而言，廣告規範可以說是傳播活動中涉及法律層面最廣，也是最為複雜的議題之一；而「菸品」廣告的存在由於具有相當的爭議性，因此亦稱得上是廣告規範中極具代表性的議題。本論文以菸品廣告規範為中心，藉由此項議題探討的「點」，試圖找出廣告規範的脈絡，進一步勾勒出廣告規範體系的「面」。故本論文處理菸品廣告所牽涉的法律層次，從抽象的國際公約及憲法，到具體的法律、法規命令及行政規則等均包含其中。 論文的架構大致將實務上已發生的菸品廣告案例類型化並釐清問題意識，以我國對菸品廣告規範的法理基礎、實務操作等「在地思考」的探討為「經」；加以對國際規範、外國立法例及實務操作等「國際觀點」的掌握為「緯」，完成本項議題的研究。 研究發現，我國現行菸品廣告規範面臨最大的問題在於菸品間接廣告問題、雜誌廣告規範的漏洞，以及法條競合所引發的適用問題。解決這些問題除了可以藉由國內司法體系的運作外，研究結果顯示修正相關法律規定會是解決問題最好的方式。本論文透過對世界衛生組織制定的全球菸草控制架構公約，以及對歐盟、英國、芬蘭、挪威、美國、加拿大、新加坡、泰國、南韓、日本、澳大利亞、紐西蘭等國家有關菸品廣告規範內容作一整理與分析後，提出全面禁止菸品廣告的規範方式不但不會違背我國憲法對人民基本權利的保護，更是符合未來國際趨勢的見解；而此亦與世界銀行公布的《遏止菸草流行─政府與菸草控制經濟學》報告中，指陳全面禁止菸品廣告為減少菸草需求的非價格措施最佳方式有異曲同工之處。 本論文最後針對現行菸品廣告規範主要的具體法律條文，即菸害防制法第九條及第十條提出修法建議；同時為求執法實務與立法目的一致性，文末並提出執法與實務稽查等多項建議提供我國政府相關單位參考，使本論文確實達到理論與實務的充分結合。 / A Study on the Regulation of Tobacco Advertising Abstract There is no doubt that in the area of communications law the regulation of advertising is one of the most complicated and widespread issues. Among them, tobacco advertising is perhaps the most controversial topic. This dissertation focuses on the regulation of tobacco advertising in Taiwan. This dissertation finds that, in recent years, tobacco companies spent huge sum of money in advertising, resulting in an increase in tobacco consumption. Although according to the Tobacco Hazards Control Law of Taiwan, tobacco advertising is strictly restricted; the phenomenon is that tobacco companies tend to use legal loopholes. This dissertation analyzes the situation and discusses legal problems involved in tobacco advertising. Several issues are emphasized. First is the problem of tobacco indirect advertising. By indirect advertising is meant tobacco company advertises a third product the purpose of which is, however, to promote tobacco products. Secondly, the issue of tobacco advertising in magazines is discussed. The law of Taiwan, due to the 1986 U.S.-Taiwan Trade Agreement, allows a certain amount of tobacco advertising in magazines. Nevertheless, the law does not take into consideration certain circumstances, thereby causing loopholes during enforcement. Last but not least, focus is placed on the application of Tobacco Hazard Control Law. Specifically, the problem of concurrent application -- a unique but not uncommon legal issue in Taiwan’s legal system -- is analyzed. Methodologically, this dissertation adopts the comparative law approach. By examining WHO’s FCTC (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) and comparing the laws of Taiwan with that of the international convention, the laws of European Union, United Kingdom, Finland, Norway, United States, Canada, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, the author concludes that a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising is constitutionally sound and compatible with international trend. Lastly, this dissertation tries to provide solutions to Taiwan’s present legislative and enforcement works. In sum, some of the laws need to be amended; while enforcement works may be improved by introducing a systematic change.

台灣的電視頻道競爭激烈，各台為求生存，逐漸往商業化靠攏，在節目中混入產品訊息，讓閱聽人無法分辨是節目抑或廣告，產生了「節目廣告化」或「廣告節目化」問題，此類節目常被稱為「資訊型節目」，但「資訊型節目」內容具有強烈推銷意圖，已經不能單純將之視為「資訊」提供，故本研究以將時段拋售給業者以及內容具廣告意圖的節目，以「全時段廣告性節目」指稱。 本研究採用質化研究方法，分為兩部份。一為瞭解此種類型的節目表現操作手法，以文本分析方式解構結構類型以及置入手法，再歸類節目內容設計功能訴求。其次為探討該類節目產製過程以及有關單位的審查情況，以深度訪談的方式，訪談全時段性節目製作單位、電視頻道業者以及主管機關相關人士，並彙整出該類節目在實際媒體產業中運作和與主管單位互動的輪廓。 研究結果發現如下： 1、全時段廣告性節目具有特定的電視節目類型和結構型態，常使用「起承轉合」的敘述模式，將產品資訊置入節目中訴求。 2、全時段廣告性節目常使用相同的功能設計，以「與他人或社群分享經驗」、「滿足好奇心或得知資訊」、「體會同理心」、「尋找仿效人物」以及「強化對於奇蹟的信念」等方式滿足閱聽人使用媒體之需求。 3、研究對象之節目均可能涉及「節目與廣告未明顯區分」、「需明示意圖」、「廣告播放時間限制」、「違背消費性專輯製作原則」、「違背節目廣告化與廣告節目化認定原則」以及「違背中華民國電視道德規範和電視節目製作範例」之規定，相關法律管制程序與審查制度均值得進一步探討。 / In order to cover the cost, media gives up their public duty and surrenders to commercialism. However, the limited media market still cannot support all media in Taiwan. TV productions therefore combine the programs and the commercials, making TV programs mixed with the message of products. The audiences no longer identify the commercials from TV programs. The kind of TV program is so-called “infomercial” or “Program-length infomercial.” The program-length infomercials are increasing recently. The contents are usually adapted the program formats and contain the intentions of promotion. With the normal length of TV programs, program-length infomercials involve both features of programs and commercials. This study aims of analyzing the program-length infomercials. It focuses mainly on its regular models of presentation and the related regulations. The research method adopts qualitative methodology to portrait the possible surroundings in the industry. The study starts with analyzing the text of infomercials. Then, the researcher classifies the gratifications designed for the audiences inside the program. In the end, by contrasting the regulations and the censorship with the results of in-depth interviewing, this study discusses the defect inside the system. In conclusion, the program-length infomercials hold certain models of presentation. They also involve in several gratifications. The provision of information is the chief factor among those designed gratifications. The results show that programs are mainly against the regulation of being distinguishable from advertisement to maintain the completeness. Therefore, the commercialization of TV programs is the common problem nowadays. This study suggests that the consistent identification of the program-length infomercials will avoid the controversy between advertisers and regulators. Certain deregulations of advertisement or additional regulations for infomercials will also ease the tensions. Besides, improving the efficiency of censorship will encourage the advertisers to apply the legal qualification. Last but not the least, developing the literacy of infomercial will be the most effective method for the audience to avoid the possible disputes.

為國民的健康把關，通常是政府作為實現國民健康權的一種具體作為，有關國民的用藥安全更是政府責無旁貸的責任。本論文著眼於「虛擬藥房」的藥品廣告刺激一般常民用藥的消費過程，政府基於保護國民健康所採取的介入方式是「法規範」對藥品廣告的管理，此種管理方式隨著藥品本身與商業言論的時空變遷會有緊縮或放寬的變革，然而易侷限於專業精英討論的上層層次；後有主管機關意識到常民健康的落實須直達正確的用藥觀念，以健康促進作為彌補上層可能無法下達困境的下層層次。 本論文以為，此二層次對應的概念仍屬「由上對下」的意識，亦即「政府」下對「常民」的概念。這種由上而下的把關做法，在維護國民「健康權」的國家、社會與個人法益上固然有其必要；惟欲落實整體健康權的實踐，仍須回歸「健康素養」的具體貫徹。亦即，本論文主張政府所主導的法規範或健康促進的作為，必須同時伴隨常民健康素養的賦權，兼顧「由下而上」的作法，不斷促使法規範與社會現實互為主體，則法規範才能真實維護與實踐國民的「健康權」。 / It is the constitutional and legal responsibility of the State to protect people’s health and achieve “the right to health” via, among others, the provision of safe medicines. The vast amounts of advertisings have challenged the State to providing safety access to medicines. This thesis focuses on the advertisings of “virtual pharmacies”, and attempts to investigate how they stimulate consumer behaviors. Legally, the State controls pharmaceutical advertising by means of various different legislative and administrative measures. Nonetheless, this “top-down” process has had only limited effects due to rapid social change and the evolution of the protection of commercial speech. This thesis argues that, to fill the gap, the promotion and development of “health literacy”, i.e. a “bottom-up” way, could be the answer to a meaningful control of pharmaceutical advertisings. This thesis conducts empirical analyses and applies them to various theories of political economy regarding pharmaceutical advertising. Moreover, the relationships between “health literacy” and “the right to health” are also elaborated. It is argued that to substantiate the constitutional “right to health”, the best way is to promote and develop the concept of “health literacy”. Only through empowering the consumers with the proper knowledge of “health literacy” can the State, assisted by the implementation of relevant laws, fulfills its responsibility. “Health literacy” is as important as law itself, and the latter cannot satisfactorily operate to arrive at the desired results without the construction of the former.