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極端事件下亞洲股票市場傳遞效果分析 -CoVaR 之應用 / Contagion effect on the asian stock markets under extreme events -CoVaR Model林楙然 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究利用新方法CoVaR來探討亞洲六個國家為台灣、日本、韓國、中國、新加坡和香港連動關係,由於CoVaR具有方向性,探討當其中一國發生極端事件下,對於其他國家的影響力。樣本選取期間2002年3 月28日到2012年3月28日共約十年期間,其中發現幾點有趣的現象。文獻當中指出在一般情況下,新加坡與香港皆容易影響其他亞洲國家,但本文發現在極端情況下,新加坡與香港也容易受到其他亞洲國家影響。
另外當選取不同亞洲國家當作承受國時,其影響最大的條件國也會跟著改變。以台灣為例,在極端現象下六個亞洲國家當中,影響台灣最大的國家為韓國,從另外的角度來看,影響韓國最大的亞洲國家為台灣,而不是一般所認知的香港和新加坡,台灣與韓國兩者互相影響程度不同。
由於選取期間包含全球金融海嘯,因此本論文最後把選取期間區為兩部分,分別為金融海嘯前與包含金融海嘯的期間,並分析探討金融海嘯是否有造成亞洲國家之間的傳染效果發生改變。以中國股市為例,在金融海嘯前後比較下,中國在亞洲市場中相對獨立,不容易受到其他亞洲國家影響,在六個國家當中極端共同風險值最低。但在金融海嘯期間顯示中國股市有些許受到台灣與香港股市影響,表示台灣與香港股市有外溢效果傳到中國股市。
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考慮違約傳染效應下合成型擔保債權憑證之評價與避險陳欣怡 Unknown Date (has links)
本文在條件獨立假設下,考慮資產間違約相互傳染的效果,並建構結果傳染因子效果之單因子連繫結構,利用Hull and White (2004)所提出的機率勺斗法則(probability bucketing method)建構合成型擔保債權憑證債權群組的損失分配,進而求得各分券之價差,並求算各分券之風險特徵以及避險參數,做為避險策略之參考。研究發現,加入傳染效果後,使得各分券的價差均明顯提高,且隨著傳染效果增強,分券信用價差也會隨之增加。而我們在計算分券的風險特徵時發現,加入傳染效果後,會使得資產連帶受其他資產違約而產生間接違約損失的情形增加,而權益分券率先承擔資產組合之違約損失,在契約初期的風險較高,且發生違約的公司多為評等較低的公司,因此多屬於直接違約,因此傳染效果對權益分券風險影響較小,因此次償分券隨著時間的經過風險逐漸上升,且隨著傳染效果增強,風險也會隨之增加。而由於先償分券承擔損失的最後順位,因此其風險主要來自契約後期,當加入傳染效果後會擴大間接違約的風險,使得後期發生損失不確定性的情況大增,因此先償分券會因傳染效果而擴大其風險。最後我們根據分券價值會因標的信用違約交換價差變動而產生市場風險,並將傳染效果考慮進來,求算擔保債權憑證之分券避險參數,並進行避險分析。
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考量違約頻率具自我傳染效應之動態違約相關性描述王盈心, Wang, Ying Hsin Unknown Date (has links)
本文建立動態違約模型,以混合卜瓦松跳躍過程(Mixed Poisson Jump Process)描述單一標的資產動態存活機率,以跳躍來描述信用事件之發生對存活機率下降之影響及衝擊,信用事件分別由系統性因子及非系統性因子驅動,沿用因子聯繫模型條件獨立的概念,假設債權群組內所有標的資產之存活機率在給定系統信用事件發生次數下為條件獨立,以條件違約機率建構債權群組織之聯合損失分配,進一步以隨機變數刻劃信用事件發生頻率,假設非系統信用事件發生頻率為兩參數伽瑪分配;系統信用事件發生頻率分別同為兩參數伽瑪分配,及帕雷圖分配(Pareto Distribution),反映信用事件發生次數於特定期間內具叢聚性質之不確定性,改變常數設定下信用事件相互獨立之性質,使具備自身傳染性。在不涉及複雜積分及模擬之情況下沿用因子聯繫模型中條件獨立之概念建立聯合損失分配,可廣泛應用於信用資產群組之評價與風險分析,本文以iTraxx Europe 為例進行評價及風險分析。模型中所有參數均可以信用擔保債權之市價予以校準, 並且理論價格與市價十分相近,可合理地評價信用資產群組之價值。
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資本管制對銀行恐慌傳染現象之有效性探討 / The Effectiveness of Capital Requirement in Preventing against Bank Panic and Contagion Phenomenon湯士俊, Tang, Shih Chun Unknown Date (has links)
自1997亞洲金融風暴以來,區域性金融危機的傳染現象(Contagion, or Spillover Effect)便受到經濟學界高度重視,其重要性在2008年雷曼兄弟事件所引發的全球性金融海嘯後更加突顯,而相關的資本管制也陸續出籠,其中最引人注目的當屬2010年通過實行的三代巴賽爾條約(Basel III)。本文奠基於Allen and Gale(2000)所提出的銀行同業拆借市場(Interbank Market)模型,配合資本適足率的導入,試圖驗證在資本管制的設定之下,是否能有效預防銀行恐慌與其蔓延現象之發生。其結果證實提高資本適足率後,藉由銀行本身主動的提高緩衝性準備(Buffer),銀行倒閉的發生機率將顯著降低,換言之,資本適足率管制有效提高了銀行倒閉門檻。同時,本文亦證實資本管制對於銀行同業拆借市場所衍生的傳染現象具有顯著的改善效果。
然而,資本適足率之管制雖具有穩定金融體系的作用,其對存款人消費之緊縮效果卻無可避免會降低其效用。本文在考慮銀行倒閉風險機率後,建立一兩期之社會福利涵數,並利用計算代表性個人(Representative Agent)預期效用極大化條件下的最適資本適足率。在特定參數之下,所得到最適資本適足率為6.375%。我們並且進一步證實,在權益資金報酬率小於長期資產報酬率之下,最適之資本適足率將同步增加,進而使社會福利最大,此符合一般的經濟直覺,同時再次突顯金融體系穩定性對於社會福利的重要性。 / The financial contagion phenomenon, or the spillover effect, has become a crucial issue in recent years after the breakout of the financial crises in 2008. To deal with such problem, some regulations such as the capital requirement, has been introduced as a solution. In our paper, we develop a model based on Allen and Gale (2000) to testify whether the introduction of the capital requirement can successfully reduce the risks of bankruptcy and contagion phenomenon for the interbank system when suffering from the regional liquidity shock. We conclude that after the introduction of capital requirement, the bank will voluntarily hold more buffers to lower the bankruptcy risk and reduce the spillover effect. What’s more, we construct an optimal level of the capital requirement that maximize the social welfare utility and depends on the probability of bankruptcy, the percentage of early withdrawals, the relative cost of capital and other parameters. By simulation, we have the optimal capital requirement at 6.375% in our benchmark case, which is a reasonable one compared with the current Basel Accord. Finally, the paper shows that as the cost of capital is getting lower, bank uses more capital which enhances the social welfare significantly in equilibrium, indicating the great importance of financial stability.
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雷曼兄弟倒閉對美國金融機構報酬率的影響 / The Impact of the Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on the Stock Returns of US Financial Institutions郭惠萍, Kuo, Huei Ping Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討雷曼兄弟倒閉事件對美國金融機構股價報酬率所帶來的傳染效果。我們的研究結果顯示,持有雷曼兄弟股份的金融機構受到較顯著的影響,而且在股東當中以商業銀行及投資銀行所受到之衝擊最為顯著,而投資銀行受影響之程度又高於商業銀行。我們也發現,金融機構對雷曼兄弟的持股比例愈高,其股價受到雷曼倒閉危機影響之程度亦愈高。此外,一些規模較小的金融機構在一些事件中亦呈現了顯著的反應,顯示在某種程度上,雷曼兄弟危機事件在金融產業當中引發了傳染效果(Contagion effect)。我們的實證結果也顯示,美國政府此次未介入救援雷曼兄弟的做法,被市場解讀為金融機構不再是「太大而不能倒(too-big-to-fail)」。 / We examine the contagion effect of Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy on US financial institutions’ stock returns. Our results show that financial institutions which held Lehman’s shares were affected more significantly. Furthermore, within Lehman’s shareholders, commercial banks and investment banks were affected most significantly, and impacts on investment banks were more significantly than commercial banks. We also find that the higher financial institution’s ownership percentage of Lehman was, the more its stock price was affected. Besides, some smaller financial institutions were also influenced significantly in some events, to some extent, implying a contagion effect in the financial sector. Our empirical results also indicate that the way that US government not to rescue Lehman Brother was perceived by the market that no financial institutions are too-big-to-fail.
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資本適足率對銀行流動性風險傳遞效果之研究 / The Effect of Capital Requirement on the Transmission of Liquidity Preference Shock among Banks蔡幸芳, Tsai, Hsing Fang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在說明資本適足率對於銀行業資訊傳遞效果之影響,利用Allen and Gale (2000)模型討論在不完整市場結構下,銀行間因為持有銀行同業存款而形成相連的傳染途徑,進而影響整個系統,本研究擴展Allen and Gale (2000)的模型,加入資本適足率的考量,從而進一步探討透過資本適足要求能否有效提高銀行整體穩定性。
模型假設因為不同區域對於早、晚期消費需求不同,可藉由區域間的資源移轉,來達到最適分配情況。隨著資本適足率的納入,將改變最適分配解,同時分析緩衝(buffer)、擴散效果(spillover effect)及傳染(contagion)的變化。文中傳染定義為擴散效果扣除緩衝力道的淨結果,並說明若有超額流動性消費需求衝擊時,一家銀行的倒閉將如何傳染至整個銀行體系。
此研究發現,在資本適足規定下,若長期資產報酬率越大,會更有機會取得較大的緩衝能力,但將面對較大的擴散效果。關於傳染現象,則是發覺當銀行同業存款越小,在資本適足規定下的傳染機會越低;若長期資產的早期報酬率越大,同樣可降低發生傳染現象機率,即驗證資本適足率對於銀行穩定性的貢獻。 / The objective of this study is to testify the effect of capital requirement with regard to information transmission among banks. We develop a model based on Allen and Gale (2000) to discuss that under incomplete market structure, contagion channel is built because of interbank deposits market. We also expand Allen and Gale’s model by putting new parameter, capital requirement, into this model to analyze the impact of capital requirement with respect to stability in banking system.
Due to different liquidity demands at each date in different regions, banks can exchange resources in the system to reach the first-best allocation. With capital requirement, the first-best allocation varies and so does buffer, spillover effect and contagion. In this article, contagion is defined as the net result of spillover effect minus buffer. Besides, we explain how the bankruptcy in one region evolves into the bankruptcy in the whole system under excess demand for liquidity.
We find out that with capital requirement, if return of long-term asset at final date is higher, there will be more chances to have more buffers but larger spillover effect. As for contagion, it shows that with lower interbank deposits or higher return of long-term asset at early date, the possibility of contagion will be reduced. As a result, we can conclude that capital requirement really improves the stability in banking system.
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