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中共出口退稅制度之研究徐碧芸, Hsu, Pi-Yun Unknown Date (has links)
世界工業化國家和地區在其工業化過程中無一不靠對外貿易的超常規發展來牽動國民經濟的發展。鑑於對外貿易特別是出口對一國產業成長的貢獻,出口鼓勵政策就成為世界各國普遍採用的政策。而在出口鼓勵政策中,出口退稅是廣泛採用而又行之有效的政策。
由本論文的研究發現,出口退稅制度在促進中共對外開放、對內經濟發展、完善外貿體制及儘快加入世界貿易組織等方面有很大的貢獻,並且出口退稅制度本身亦隨著中國大陸市場經濟的發展和外貿體制的改革有了進一步的完善和規範。尤其是在亞洲金融危機時,中國大陸的出口企業經營發生困難,對中共外貿出口造成影響,當時,面對這一形勢,中共可採取的策略有調整人民幣匯率或降低利率、提高出口退稅率,但是,當時中共已經多次明確指出人民幣匯率不貶值,調整匯率已不可能;利率在連續降低四次之後,1998年7月1日又第五次下調,下調空間有限;而出口退稅率在數次降低之後,採取出口退稅率某種程度調高的可能性增加,故當時便採取調高出口退稅率的方式來刺激出口,截至目前為止已多次調高出口退稅率來挽救大陸的外貿企業,由此可見出口退稅制度在中國大陸的重要地位。
出口退稅制度的推行,首要工作,就是對出口退稅適用的對象作一規範,舉凡適用的企業及貨物等。中共核准辦理出口退稅的企業可劃分為兩大類,即有進出口經營權的企業與特准出口退免稅企業;至於可辦理出口退免稅的貨物,則須同時具備以下三個條件,即屬於增值稅與消費稅徵收範圍內的貨物、必須報關離境、必須在財務上作銷售處理。其次,與申請退稅企業息息相關的程序與規定,則屬出口退稅的計算、出口企業的登記、退稅的申報、稽核、審核、退稅,以及出口企業違法的處置。
中共出口退稅制度實行至今,所面臨到最主要的問題有徵稅與退稅脫節、中央財政負荷過重、出口騙退稅,以及出口退稅進度緩慢進而佔壓企業資金,形成企業經營壓力,並影響企業出口積極性。中共對於這些問題可採取的措施有:改革財稅制度、嚴厲打擊騙稅活動、加快退稅進度等。
至於針對中共出口退稅制度中的徵退脫節與出口騙稅等問題,法國的做法可作為借鏡。首先,法國出口貨物零稅率機制的一個重要特徵就是將出口貨物零稅率納入該國增值稅的常規管理之中,實現徵稅、免稅、抵扣稅、退稅一體化,這就從機制本身封住了徵退脫節問題的缺口。而中共現行出口退稅辦法最大的弊端正是出口退稅脫離了增值稅的常規管理,人為地造成了徵退稅環節的脫節。其次,中共現行出口退稅機制中徵稅和退稅分別由兩套機構來運作,退稅款全部由中央財政負擔,並且只需審核幾張單證就可以從國庫中提取巨額退稅款,如此巨大的利益驅動使出口退稅成為滋生出口騙稅的溫床。而法國實行的免稅購買辦法則無稅可騙,採用免、抵、退辦法需從國庫中直接退款的金額則相當有限。
就整體而論,大陸在出口退稅制度之下滋生甚多流弊,似乎應儘速予以改革或廢除,但因出口退稅制度對於商品的外銷能力及經濟成長的貢獻,確有不可忽視的效益,尤其對一般廠商之經營心理,具有莫大的鼓勵作用,況且在今日國際社會間,保護主義抬頭之時,各國為保護本國之產業,無不殫精竭慮,利用各種措施,以善盡保育之責,故中共為保護其產業的繼續成長與發展,應善加運用出口退稅制度所具有之精神。
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析論歐盟優惠性原產地規則及其對台灣成鞋廠商國際投資之影響 / Analyze and research on EU preferential rule of origin and its impact on international investment of Taiwanese footwear producers廖唯宸, Liao, Wei Chen Unknown Date (has links)
歐盟廣泛地與世界各國簽訂優惠貿易協定,透過優惠貿易待遇的給予來促進與各國間政治與經貿的緊密連繫。而對於生產者而言,要適用這些貿易優惠的前提就是透過遵循歐盟優惠性原產地規則而使產品取得原產產品身分,無論是以完全取得或是經過充分作業或加工而產生實質轉型的方式。
本論文主要的研究目的,在於分析個別歐盟優惠貿易協定下關於累積規定、微量條款、出口退稅禁止等關鍵條文,與附錄清單就產品「實質轉型」標準規定的法律義涵,以及其隱含的政經意義;並就該意義進一步推衍出對於台灣的生產者,在眾多的歐盟優惠性協定法律架構下,存在個別規則適用難易程度具有差別且該差別將對生產成本有所影響之事實。而本論文另一重點則是就法規與生產稟賦搭配後得推衍出原則性之評估方法來評比出個別優惠性原產地規則在適用上之優劣順序,以協助台灣廠商未來考慮使用此項貿易優惠來進軍歐盟市場時,在國際投資之佈局上可以納入考量或作為參考,以選擇出最有利的受惠國或區域作為生產資源配置之基礎。
為使法律層面與實務上之運作加以結合,本論文進一步以台灣的成鞋廠商做為研究觀察之對象,檢視其是否會因為適用歐盟優惠性原產地規則而改變投資模式,另亦將與鞋廠商實際訪談所得之結論與推演出原則性評估方法加以比較,進一步檢討該評估方法之適用能力與情形,並提出應隨不同情況而加以修正相關假設之注意。
關鍵詞:歐盟優惠性原產地規則;原產地規則;原產產品;實質轉型;累積規定;微量條款;出口退稅禁止;附錄清單;生產稟賦;國際投資;成鞋。 / Europe Union (EU) broadly sign the preferential trade agreements with the other countries in the globe, and through the conferring of the preferential trade treatments, EU attempts to build up the tight political and economic bonds worldwide. The premise for producers who want to enjoy these trade preferences is to make sure that their product are qualified and recognized as “original product” in those beneficiary countries either by following the regulation of standard of “wholly obtained” or “sufficiently working or processing” stipulated in each preferential Rule of Origin (ROO).
The main subject of this thesis is to analyze the legal meaning and the underlined policy purpose of the critical provisions in each EU preferential ROO, such as “cumulation”, “general tolerance rule”, “no-drawback rule”, and the standard of “sufficiently working or processing” of a product (substantial transformation) stipulated in the List Rules (in the Annex part) attached in each preferential trade agreement. And from those meaning Author reasons out the fact that the level of difficulty concerning applying and using these preferential ROO are different and the difference has its influence on cost of producing. Author also infers the basic method to assess the level of difficulty of these ROO while combining analyzing the ROO provisions and endowment in the beneficiary countries. This method is to assist those Taiwanese producers who have willing to use the EU preferential ROO to make their product qualified as “original product” with the minimized producing cost when entering into EU market, that is, to help producers cherry pick the beneficial countries (or area) for making investments distribution and deploying concerned producing resources and still have their the products entitled as “original product”.
To combine the legal dimension and the producer’s operation in practice, Author further chooses Taiwanese footwear producers as observed subject of using the ROO and see if they would change their mode of investment thereafter. Author compares the conclusion derived from interviewing footwear producers with the basic assessment method, and further examines the applicability of the method and the potential correction of hypothesis under certained situations.
Key words: EU preferential Rule of Origin, Rule of Origin, original product, substantial transformation, cumulation, general tolerance rule, no-drawback rule, List Rules, endowment, international investment, footwear.
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