近代明治是國民國家形成的時期、文明開化的時期，但是，女性的生存方式依舊受到社會制度的束縛。樋口一葉小說從人道主義的精神出發，對社會性差規範和封建道德等制度規範開始產生懷疑，進而表現出反叛意識與反抗行為。作品以「女性的自覺和解放」此一女性表現的主題為主，追問女性的生存方式及主體性的問題。一葉後期作品與前期的作品相較之下明顯得可看出作品表現趨近成熟，對於「我是女人」的自我認識，從中感到身為女性的無價值性，在後期作品中很濃厚的表達出此種身為女性的悲哀。 本研究的目的是想要探討女性在被要求扮演家庭裡面賢妻良母的角色，選擇過其他生活方式的主權被剝奪的明治時代之下，樋口一葉後期作品中描繪的女性們，以何種的方式來反抗社會的家長制度與兩性差別文化？以及，如何表現女性的自我？並且，如何去尋找新的生存方式？如此的「女性的性」（女性的自我意識和身體）的表現，與主體性的問題。再者，想去探討同時代的女性作家如何去摸索近代女性的新的生活方式與如何去表現自我，進而去探求明治女流文學中樋口一葉文學的解放思想之位置。 關於研究方法，本研究以樋口一葉後期作品中生活在家庭空間內部的少女與人妻，以及生活在家庭空間外部的娼婦對象，以從家族關係成立的「家族幻想」(共同幻想)，以及由戀愛的關係所成立的「戀愛幻想」(對幻想)的觀點來作思考，考察女性的自我意識與行為表現。此外，從作品論衍伸到作家論，藉由作者在日記中記述，或同時代的評論、作品，來論及作家的思想及作品表現之特性。 / Women were still confined to traditional social norms while the Meiji Era (1868-1912) started its modernization and industrialization, and rose to world power status. Higuchi Ichiyo, considered as the first major woman writer of Japan's Meiji period, examines and argues gender issue, social class and feudalism from the perspectives of humanism, especially women's roles. Her literary focuses on women’s self-awakening and liberation, exploring women’s autonomy and the way of how women live in the society. Compared with her own early works, her writing mechanism and thinking become more delicate and sophisticated with time passing by, and she, at the end, deeply realizes the ill-fated destiny of being a woman in the self-exploration process of I-am-a-woman. This research aims to examine how women oppose the paternalism and gender discrimination by looking at the novels of Higuchi Ichiyo’s later years in which women have no choice but to be housewives to meet social expectations. From the standpoint of female, this research also tends to review how women express and identify themselves, and how they find their own way to live physically and consciously at that time. At last, the study investigates other woman writers of the same period to re-define and re-position Higuchi Ichiyo in the Japan Meiji Era’s literature. The methodology employed in the study is to analyze women’s self-awareness and behaviors by using two types of “fantasy” concept: (1) family fantasy, also called co-fantasy, formed by family relationships and (2) romance fantasy created by love relationships. Two kinds of women are analyzed in this study. One is the ladies and housewives in the household, and the other is the prostitutes outside the socially-expected family life. In addition, contemporary criticism, literary theory, authorship theory, and author’s journals are reviewed to analyze Higuchi Ichiyo’s writing mechanism and thinking.