寬恕是一種跨文化人類共通的美德、是一種正向的心理特質，一種真正的生命智慧。因其有益於人際和諧、幸福感與身心健康，寬恕在近年來成為心理學所關注的議題。本研究旨在探究反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之現況，以及反芻思考與未來時間觀如何影響寬恕的建構，藉以深入瞭解反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之關係。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以「多向度反芻焦點量表」、「未來時間態度量表」與「特質寬恕量表」為研究工具，研究對象為20歲以上成人共1,413位。所得有效問卷資料經描述統計、多變量變異數分析、區別分析、結構方程式模型等統計方法處理，研究發現如下： 1.20歲以上成人之反芻思考、未來時間觀與特質寬恕現況尚佳。 2.不同背景變項之成人在反芻思考整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）女性在「情緒焦點反芻」與「意義焦點反芻」上之得分顯著高於男性。 （2）高齡者的反芻思考整體與各向度之得分明顯較低。 3.不同背景變項之成人在未來時間觀整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）成人早期（20-30歲）與高齡者（60歲以上）在「未來時間觀點」沒有顯著差異，高齡者在「未來目標價值」與「對未來的準備與行動」上則顯著高於20-30歲之成人。 （2）年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較佳的未來時間觀。 4.不同背景變項之成人在特質寬恕整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）男性在「寬恕命運」上之得分顯著高於女性。 （2）男性、年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較高的寬恕傾向。 5.探討不同類型反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之關係，研究發現：情緒焦點與評價焦點此兩種類型反芻思考，與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈負相關；而意義焦點反芻與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈正相關。 6.未來時間觀在反芻思考與特質寬恕間扮演中介角色，亦即，未來時間觀在情緒焦點反芻思考、評價焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有部分中介效果，在意義焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有完全中介效果。 本研究根據上述研究發現，分別對寬恕教育、諮商輔導提出建議，以作為教育工作者及後續研究之參考。 / Forgiveness is a kind of cross-cultural universal virtue of human, positive psychological strength, and authentic wisdom of life. Forgiveness has become an important topic of psychological researches in last decades, due to the benefits of interpersonal harmony, well-being, physical and mental health. The study aimed to investigate the current condition of the adults in Taiwan of their rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness, and furthermore addressed the relationships among these variables. The present study adopted the questionnaire investigation, comprising “Multidimensional Focused Rumination Scale”, “Attitude toward Future Time Scale”, and “Dispositional Forgiveness Scale” was conducted. Participants were 1,413 adults aged 20 and over in Taiwan. The effective data based on the questionnaire were then analyzed by using the descriptive statistics, MANOVA, discriminant analysis, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The findings were summarized as follows: 1.The present condition of Taiwan aged 20 and over adults’ rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness was generally fine. 2.In terms of rumination, gender and age had a significant difference in overall rumination and its dimensions. I.The female participants had higher “emotion-focused rumination” and “meaning-focused rumination” scores than the male participants. II.The elder participants reported less ruminative thinking than other age groups. 3.In terms of future time perspective, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall future time perspective and its dimensions, while gender had no significant difference. I.There is no difference between younger and elder participants on “the perception of future time”, however, the elder participants reported higher “the valence of future goal” and “preparation and action for the future” than younger participants. II.The elder, high educated, married and religious believer, had better future time perspective. 4.In terms of dispositional forgiveness, gender, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall dispositional forgiveness and its dimensions. I.The male participants had higher “forgiveness of fate” scores than the female participants. II.The male, elder, high educated, married and religious believer had a strong tendency to forgive. 5.In terms of different kind of rumination relate to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness: Emotion-focused rumination and evaluation-focused rumination were negatively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness, while meaning-focused rumination was positively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness. 6.Future time perspective mediated the relationship between the rumination and the forgiveness. Furthermore, future time perspective partly mediated the relationship between the emotion-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, partly mediated the relationship between the evaluation-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, and completely mediated the relationship between the meaning-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness. According to the above findings, this study proposes suggestions for forgiveness education, counseling and guidance, and future studies.

本篇研究旨在探討心理反芻思考對個體情緒變化的影響，在類同於Nolen-Hoeksema的前瞻式連續測量架構下劃分不同情緒困擾的時段（整體分析、嚴重又長期情緒不佳的日子、負向情緒發作期），並以Fritz之多向度反芻觀點：功用性反芻、情緒焦點反芻以及意義尋找反芻為切入點，試圖釐清反芻在情緒復原中所扮演的角色利弊。本研究以一般非創傷性的負向事件為研究背景，選取156名大學生在連續十二天的研究設計中，每天測量三類反芻出現的頻率、情緒強度和情緒維持的時間。研究結果顯示，不同內容焦點的反芻思考對事件挫敗後之情緒變化有其獨特的影響效果。整體平均來說，功用性反芻有助於負向情緒的緩解、情緒焦點反芻會增強負向情緒感受、意義尋找反芻則是增加負向情緒維持的時間；若當天處在長期又嚴重情緒不佳日子中時，功用性反芻似有維持正向情緒的效用、情緒焦點反芻則是惡化當天的負向情緒強度、意義尋找反芻則有延長當天負向情緒時間的趨勢；若連續處在長期且嚴重情緒不佳的日子中，功用性反芻對情緒變化並無影響、情緒焦點反芻則是延長且惡化此時期的負向情緒狀態、而意義尋找反芻不但會影響負向情緒的狀態，似也會有助於此時期的正向情緒狀態。因此，本研究結果不僅支持內容區分的必要性；也代表著在情緒復原過程中，配合考量到個體所處的情緒困擾時段時，不同內容焦點的反芻思考對情緒變化的影響是有利弊之分的。 / The purpose of this research is to examine the relation between ruminative thought and mood fluctuation. Similar to the Nolen-Hoeksema’s progressive paradigm, we divided the experimental period into three parts, including average days, severely and long-term negative mood days, and negative mood episode. Combined with the Fritz’s viewpoint of multidimensional rumination ─ instrumental rumination, emotional-focused rumination, and meaning-searching rumination, this research attempted to clarify the role of rumination in the process of emotional recovery. According to the negative but non-traumatic events, we selected 156 college students and daily measured the frequency of three types of rumination, mood intensity, and mood duration during the continuous 12 days. The results of this research showed that different content-focused rumination had unique effect on mood fluctuation after suffering a failure. Generally, instrumental rumination helped to reduce negative mood, emotional-focused rumination worsened negative mood, and meaning-searching rumination increased the duration of negative mood. Moreover, in the period of severely and long-term negative mood status, instrumental rumination seemed to maintain the duration of positive mood, emotional-focused rumination still worsened negative mood, and meaning-searching rumination seemed to prolong the duration of negative mood. Besides, in the period of negative mood episode, instrumental ruminative had no effect on mood fluctuation, emotional-focused rumination deteriorated and extended negative mood, and meaning-searching rumination had harmful effect on the negative mood but still had borderline effect on the positive mood. Consequently, the results of this research not only illustrated the necessary of content-discrimination in the rumination, but also showed that different content-focused rumination had separate effect on the mood fluctuation in the process of emotional recovery, when the three different periods of emotional disturbance were considered.