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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

論WTO會員國於TBT協定中「國民待遇原則」下之政策空間

趙思博 Unknown Date (has links)
由於TBT協定第2.1條與GATT第3.4條同為規範「國民待遇原則」,TBT協定卻缺乏如同GATT第20條一般例外之規定,致使TBT協定之規範似乎較諸GATT嚴格,而造成與TBT協定序言所肯認WTO會員國在在不構成恣意或無理歧視之手段,或成為國際貿易之隱藏性限制的情況下,擁有實行政策空間權力之宣言不符。 學者提出有三種解決方式:第一種為透過允許援引GATT第20條之一般例外以正當化TBT協定之違反;第二種為透過解釋之方式,將「同類產品」此一要件納入一般例外之彈性;第三種同樣主張以解釋之方式,惟係欲透過對「較低待遇」之解釋以達成彈性。現行實務係採第三種解釋方式,惟本文認為現行實務所新創之「正當管制區分」,其內涵涉及的是「可比性」,不應置於「較低待遇」中討論,因為此可能使得「同類產品」之認定變得較無意義。另一方面,「較低待遇」之通常意義無法容納上訴機構現在所為之「正當管制區分」之分析,而有司法造法之疑慮。因此,現行實務於理論之形塑似有不妥。 據此,本文認為透過對「同類產品」之解釋,將WTO會員國之政策空間納入,可能為一較合適之選擇。而此選擇可以有二種方法:第一、以「管制目的」而不以「市場競爭關係」為詮釋BTA方法中四項「指標」之核心概念。第二、以「管制目的」作為認定系爭產品是否為同類之「指標」。而由於前者有受限於BTA四項「市場經濟面向」指標,可能將使政府因非經濟因素之政策考量所採行之技術性法規,仍舊受到限制,故本文認為以「管制目的」作為認定「同類產品」之額外指標,為較妥適之方法。
2

GATS不歧視原則之要件與爭議問題之研究

余玫琪, Yu, Mei Chi Unknown Date (has links)
服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services,GATS)秉持WTO之中心精神,以不歧視原則為重要基礎原則之一,分別規定於GATS第2條之最惠國待遇原則與第17條之國民待遇原則。 依據GATS第2條及第17條之規定,不歧視原則之要件包括:1)會員所採影響服務貿易之措施之要件;2)會員在特定承諾表做出開放承諾之要件(僅國民待遇原則);3)來自其他會員之類似服務及服務供給者之要件;以及4)歧視性待遇之要件。 相較於GATT貨品貿易之不歧視原則而言,目前涉及GATS不歧視原則之要件與爭議問題等研究,仍處於發展階段,部分要件甚至仍未出現有力之實務見解,例如「服務及服務供給者之類似性」等,本文即希望透過拆解GATS不歧視原則之要件的方式,提出各要件可能發生之爭議問題,歸納分析目前WTO爭端解決實務見解及相關學術意見,一方面釐清GATS不歧視原則之法律全貌,一方面則藉由這些爭議的提出,期能拋磚引玉,對於將來有更多深化且精闢之相關研究之提出,有所助益。 最後,本文並依分析結果,針對各項爭議問題,提出我國目前法規體制在這些爭議問題下可能產生之疑義及我國主管機關可能之採行策略及方向建議。 關鍵字:服務貿易、服務貿易總協定、不歧視原則、最惠國待遇原則、國民待遇原則。 / Non-discrimination is one of the fundamental principles under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It is embodied as the most-favored-nation treatment and the national treatment under the Articles 2 and 17 of the GATS. According to the Articles 2 and 17 of the GATS, the elements of non-discrimination include: 1) must be measures by Members affecting trade in services, 2) Members have made commitments in its Schedule (national treatment applies only), 3) likeness of services and service suppliers of Members, and 4) must be no less favourable treatment. Compared with non-discrimination under the GATT, which has been developed more completely, the elements and their related issues of non-discrimination under the GATS are still lacking representative or binding opinions. For example, the issue of “likeness of services and service suppliers” has not been addressed officially on findings of panel or appellate body reports. This article tries to analyze all elements under non-discrimination of the GATS, raise possible issues, and conclude related findings of WTO dispute settlement and opinions of academic publications. By doing this, the legal structure of GATS non-discrimination and possible issues would be clarified more completely. More importantly, we are hoping this beginning would help forward more and more future profounder researches focusing on issues of GATS non-discrimination. Finally, based on the research results, this Article brings up some potential problems which may happen under the legal system of our country and proposes possible strategies and measures to be taken. Key Words: Trade in services, GATS, non-discrimination, most-favored-nation treatment, national treatment.

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