租地造林乃緣於日本領台期間林木過度採伐，台灣光復後政府財力及物力不足，林務管理欠周，林地遭濫墾、占用隨處可見，故期能透過引進民間人力、物力以及財力，加速完成造林工作。1990年代，政府為防止天然林的快速消逝對國土保育及環境造成負面影響，而全面禁止砍伐天然林，加上我國加入WTO後，開放進口大陸廉價木材，致國產木材逐漸失去競爭力，林農經營林業入不敷出，而拓展種植果樹之面積，改種高經濟價值作物，如茶葉、咖啡、葡萄、柳丁及檳榔等。然而，在林地上同時存有林業與農業使用，並不能直接類比為永續的「混農林業」經營模式，其特殊條件值得進一步探討。 起源自游耕活動的混農林業具有多功能性且符合土地倫理的概念，包括社會經濟上增加林農收入外，亦可分散經營風險，提升地方生活水準與競爭力，並可使當地文化習俗得以傳承；而在生態環境方面，樹木可供應作物生長所需氮素，增加養分獲取與留存，並可增加碳吸存力，以及維持生物多樣性等，因而在國際間頗受推崇，然在我國則面臨政策以及法規的考驗。 本研究修正Walck & Strong所提出的土地倫理分析架構為永續性混農林業影響模式，並以臺大實驗林契約林地為案例，透過文獻評析、參與觀察、問卷調查以及深度訪談，目的為探求國有放租林地發展混農林業之正當性，以及研擬混農林業之發展對策，獲得以下結論：1.過去混農林業政策多採有條件限制施作；2.林地管理政策與法規範難以戢止林農違規使用行為；3.放租林地改作永續混農林業具有正當性。而本研究之建議包括：1.調整政府租地造林管理制度；2.有條件允許混農林業；3.重視林農土地倫理價值觀；4.以永續農業維持林地健康。 / The government owned forest in Taiwan were overexploited during the Japanese Colonial Period and the poor forestry management after Second War World resulted in deforestation for illegal cultivation, occupying. In order to remedy the negative effects, government speeds up afforestation on national forestlands, and rent them to local tenant. Since 1990s, logging natural forest was prohibited and the cheap timber was imported from Mainland China after 2002 while Taiwan joined WTO, the forest tenants deforested part of the leased forestland and grew fruits, tea, coffee, etc., to fight against low price of forestry products to gain more income. However, growing crops on forestry land is no analogy to agroforestry, some specific conditions have to be investigated. Agroforestry is multifunctional and manipulated based on land ethics. On economic and social aspects, it is not only increase local tenants income, but also disperse the risks of operation, improve local living standard and forestry competitiveness and inherit local culture and customs to the next generation. On ecological aspect, trees provide nitrogen and nutrient, raise carbon sequestration, and sustain biological diversity. Hence, it is highly valued in other countries, but is taken as illegal activity in Taiwan. This study revises the framework of land ethics, power relationships and land use, land health raised by Walck & Strong for sustainable agroforestry analysis, and take the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University as a case study. Through methods of literature review, participation observations, questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, the research findings are as follows: 1) the cultivation of agroforestry was confined conditionally; 2) the current forestry policy and laws cannot prevent tenants from illegal land uses; 3) agroforestry in leased forestland is legitimate if it is operated sustainably. Hence, the policy implications are: 1) adjusting the management institution of leased forestland; 2) conditionally permitting agroforestry; 3) respecting tenants’ value of land ethics; 4) maintaining forestland health by sustainable agroforestry.

原住民族、土地利用、農業與部落發展具有密切關係，並受到族人土地觀、社會經濟環境與政府政策等諸多內外因素所影響。 　　過去以來，主流社會常將山林環境災害歸諸於高山地區不當的土地利用，導致原住民在高山地區進行農業活動受到諸多法令規章限制。政府近年來致力推廣造林與部落觀光事業，以期防止山林環境惡化、滿足國人休閒需求與將經濟效益引至部落，惟部分舉措因未適切於族人普遍經濟能力、在地就業需求與對部落發展之想望，恐無益部落永續發展。 　　為進一步理解原住民族農地利用與部落發展相關課題，本文提出以下課題：一、高山農地利用是否必然造成環境災害問題？二、影響原住民族農業進行的跨尺度網絡為何？該網絡如何提供部落發展農業與增進土地利用之實質助益？再以新竹縣尖石鄉石磊部落作為研究對象進行實證分析，透過參與式觀察與文獻回顧等研究方法，兼以Leopold土地倫理與Adger跨尺度網絡理論，探討石磊部落族人推展有機與自然農業時之轉型歷程與內涵，並分析各項跨尺度網絡要素的關連性互動。 　　最終，本研究認為，倘原住民族農地利用能兼顧環境保護、經濟效率與社會公平，也能帶給部落具有主體性的發展實益，則外界應毋須再以災難眼光相待，反應思考如何從部落角度，協助原住民族實踐更友善於環境的農地利用，以發揮農地多功能利用之特性，並促使部落朝向兼顧環境及經濟的永續發展。 / There are close associations among tribe developments, indigenous peoples, land-utilization, and agriculture. Many internal and external factors such as indigenous peoples’ intellections of land, social economics environment, and government’s policies influence tribe development as well. 　　For the past few decades, mainstream society usually have attributed forest environmental emergency to inappropriate land utilization in mountain regions and it caused aborigines to be confined by many laws and regulations when undergoing agriculture activities in mountain regions. For the past few years, the government has dedicated to promoting forestation and tribe tourism to avoid worsening of the forest environments as well as to satisfy the leisure demands of country people and to bring economic benefits to the tribes. Nevertheless, parts of initiatives may not help the sustainable development of the tribes since neglecting the average economics ability of indigenous peoples, demands of local employments, and visions of tribe development. 　　To further understand related issues about farmland utilization and tribe development of the indigenous peoples, this research proposed the following issues. The first issue is whether farmland utilization of mountain regions inevitably causes environmental emergency. And the second issue is to analyze what is the cross-scale networks in resource co-management that influence agricultures of indigenous peoples and how this network provides real benefits to tribe development and improvement of land utilization. Then we took Shi-Lei indigenous community of Jienshih Township in Hsinchu County as a case study to undergo empirical analyses. Through research method such as participant observation and literature reviews as well as Leopold’s land ethics theory and Adger’s cross-scale networks in resource co-management theory, we analyzed the transformed experiences and contents of organic and natural agriculture developed by Shi-Lei indigenous people. Also, we analyzed the related interactions of each element in cross-scale networks. 　　Finally, this research supposes that if indigenous peoples’ farmland utilization can well consider in every aspect of environment protection, economics efficiency, society justice, and bringing real development benefits with subjectivity to the tribe, other people should not link the farmland utilization to potential natural disasters. On the contrary, we should stand in the view of tribes to consider how to help indigenous peoples to reach more eco-friendly farmland utilization. By developing more eco-friendly farmland utilization, farmland can display multi-function characteristics to promote tribes’ sustainable development that give consideration to both environment protection and economics.

博士（社会学） / 甲第686号 / 206p / 一橋大学