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生技製藥產業涉及專利法及競爭法之爭議問題研究周慧菁 Unknown Date (has links)
我國於2002年加入世界貿易組織,市場之開放勢必對我國生技製藥產業帶來衝擊。在法制方面,為改善現有管理制度,期與國際管理規定接軌,並順應世界貿易組織「與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定」之相關規定,我國藥事法於民國94年2月5日增訂第40條之2,一則獎勵新藥研發,遵守國際義務,強化智慧財產權之保護,以符合世界醫藥法規潮流,再者兼顧國內製藥業之發展。其中藥事法第40條之2第1項係關於藥品專利登錄制度之規定,此項新規定,可能因新藥許可證申請人揭露無關該新藥之專利而衛生主管機關又無餘力審核之情況下,延誤後續學名藥之上市時程;而其中藥事法第40條之2第5項則係關於試驗例外之規定,此項新規定則與專利法試驗例外規定有關,其之適用對於以製造學名藥為主之我國藥廠亦將有相當影響。有鑑於此,本論文擬就我國生技製藥產業因前開法制規範增訂所可能面臨之爭議問題進行探討。
本文將生技製藥產業涉及專利法及競爭法之爭議問題分為二個面向討論,第一面向係上游階段,即藥品開發階段之相關專利法及競爭法爭議問題,主要包括研究工具專利試驗例外及授權等相關問題,第二面向則為下游階段,即藥品開發完成後之相關競爭法爭議問題,主要係關於藥品專利登錄制度可能衍生之競爭法相關問題。
首先,關於上游階段之研究工具專利試驗例外問題,本文認為,未經專利權人同意而實施研究工具專利之學名藥廠,其臨床試驗與申請上市許可之行為雖可主張藥事法上之試驗例外,然其尋找候選藥物之行為卻不該當專利法上之試驗例外規定,而仍構成專利權之侵害。其次,關於上游階段之研究工具專利授權問題,本文認為,針對第二種態樣之研究工具專利聯盟,由於其同時涵蓋所有互補性及替代性專利,因此,不論以產品市場、技術市場或創新市場之觀點,其皆有可能構成獨占地位之濫用以及搭售,而有違反競爭法相關規定之虞。最後,關於下游階段之藥品專利登錄制度問題,本文建議,可參酌美國鼓勵學名藥上市之立法例及司法實務,於藥事法中訂定確認訴訟及反訴之相關規定,且訂定第一個提起確認之訴者可享有180天之獨占銷售權,以鼓勵欲生產新藥學名藥版之學名藥廠,主動向法院提起確認之訴,確認其未侵害系爭專利,以除去經檢附之不適當專利。
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藥品的核准前專利爭端解決程序- 美國專利連結為借鏡 / Pre-Approval Patent Resolution Process of Drug Product- Lessons From U.S. Patent Linkage吳東哲, Wu, Tung-Che Unknown Date (has links)
美國作為醫藥技術的領導者,為了確保其利益,並維持其領導地位,不斷在各種貿易談判場合,向世界各國施加壓力,要求提供醫藥品更強力的智慧財產保護。台灣當然也不例外,在加入跨太平洋戰略經濟夥伴關係協議 (Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, TPP)、簽訂臺美貿易暨投資架構協定 (Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, TIFA) 的壓力下,我國政府從2014年開始積極推動專利連結,雖然獲得美國商會肯定,但卻在國內業界卻引起十分強力的反彈。
專利連結,本質上只是核准前專利爭端解決程序 (Pre-Approval Patent Resolution Process) 的其中一個類型而已。核准前專利爭端解決程序,就是在特定產品上市核准的准駁中,把專利侵權問題作為准駁的考量。國際上類似的制度主要出現在人用藥品、動物藥品中,通常是在允許引據他人安全性、有效性資料的藥品中 (類新藥、學名藥)。
我國目前對類似制度的了解並不深,尤其缺乏對制度原生國-美國的全面性研究。本研究選擇以發展最早的藥品專利連結作為研究標的,並全面、深入分析其中每個機制的目的、立法/修法歷史 (含行政法規)、法院判決,探求其爭議的發展過程。在這個基礎上,本研究就引進的必要性、各種立法手段的選擇與優劣,提出「修正版柔性專利連結」,主要特徵在排除了自動停止核准期、重定核准日條款,使藥品審查和專利爭端大致維持獨立,並符合TPP的要求。希望本研究能夠幫助台灣建立一套明確、合理,且符合我國國情的核准前專利爭端解決程序。 / As the phamaceutical industry’s market leader, the United States continues to call for strengthening patent protection for pharmaceutical products during every trade negotiation, to preserve its national profit and leadership. Taiwan, being highly interested in joining “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement” (TPP) and signing “Trade and Investment Framework Agreement” (TIFA) with the United States, Taiwan's government is actively promoting the “patent linkage” since 2014. Althougn the effort done by Taiwan's government is extremely welcomed by American Chamber of Commerce, the domestic industry, which is mainly organized with generic drug manufactors, has expressed their opposition resolutely.
Patent linkage, as a kind of “pre-approval patent resolution process”, considers the possibility of patent infringement as a factor when issuing market approval. Such process are normally found in those countries that are trade partners of the United States, and espetially during the approval prosses of human-use drug products, animal drug products, which permits persons to rely on evidence or information concerning the safety and efficacy of a product that was previously approved.
Our current knowledge of pre-approval patent resolution process is limited, especially on how it was oranginally created in the United States. This research will focus on the purpose, enactment, amendment, court decisions, development, and issues of patent linkage, the first-of-its-kind which is established in 1984. On this basis, the reseach will then look back to what Taiwan has faced now, and provides recommendations on whether there is necessity of introdution, how to adjust the prosses, and how to enforce it, without serious abuse. This research propose “revised soft patent linkage”, which excludes automatic stay and re-date remedy, generally keeps the independence between drug approval and patent infringement, and at the same time meets TPP requirement. The research hopes to help Taiwan establishing its own pre-approval patent resolution, fair, clear and meet the need of domestic and public the industry.
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