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多元自迴歸條件異質變異數之模型設定研究欉清全, Genius Tung Unknown Date (has links)
經濟理論明白揭示,在不確定下,金融性資產的選擇不僅要考慮其未來報
酬率的平均值,更需將風險程度納入決策過程中。而最佳風險測度為預測
誤差的變異數(Variance of Forec ast Error)。傳統實証方法均視變異
數為固定常數,實無法掌握變異數具有條件異質性的特點。為了到達此目
的,Engle(1982) 提出向量自迴歸條件異質變異數(ARCH)模型,此模型假
定條件變異數不再是固定常數而是過去干擾項平方的線型函數,為實証方
法上一項偉大的突破。在考慮多個變數的聯立動態體系中,由於跨方程式
間可以互相提供額外的訊息,往往可以增加估計的效率性,直覺上比單變
數的設定更能掌握資料的實際情形。故往後的學者便提出了多元自迴歸條
件異質變異數(Multivariate ARCH) 模型,此一模型亦有其缺點存在,因
其待估計參數過多,形成自由度嚴重減少,將導致估計值缺乏效率性。所
以如何利用可獲得的有限資料對模型進行更有效率的估計方式,此為研究
Multivaria te ARCH的重要課題。本文將對Multivariate ARCH做一系列
的介紹,並利用VAR 的貝氏方法對參數進行估計。而多元因素AR CH模型
也是探討的重點。
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具有額外或不足變異的群集類別資料之研究 / A Study of Modelling Categorical Data with Overdispersion or Underdispersion蘇聖珠, Su, Sheng-Chu Unknown Date (has links)
進行調查時,最後的抽樣單位常是從不同的群集取得的,而同一群集內的樣本對象,因背景類似而對於某些問題常會傾向相同或類似的反應,研究者若忽略這種群內相關性,仍以獨立性樣本進行分析時,因其共變異數矩陣通常會與多項模式的共變異數矩陣相差懸殊,而造成所謂的額外變異或不足變異的現象。本文在不同的情況下,提出了Dirichlet-Multinomial模式(簡稱DM模式)、擴展的DM模式、以及兩種平均數-共變異數矩陣模式,以適當的彙整所有的群集資料。並討論DM與EDM模式中相關之參數及格機率之最大概似估計法,且分別對此兩種平均數-共變異數矩陣模式,提出求導廣義最小平方估計的程序。此外,也針對幾種特殊的二維表及三維表結構,探討對應的參數及格機率之估計方法。並提出計算簡易的Score統計檢定量以判斷群內相關(intra-cluster correlation)之存在性,及判斷資料集具有額外或不足變異,而對於不同母體的群內相關同質性檢定亦提出討論。 / This paper presents a modelling method of analyzing categorical data with overdispersion or underdispersion. In many studies, data are collected from differ clusters, and members within the same cluster behave similary. Thus, the responses of members within the same cluster are not independent and the multinomial distribution is not the correct distribution for the observed counts. Therefore, the covariance matrix of the sample proportion vector tends to be much different from that of the multinomial model. We discuss four different models to fit counts data with overdispersion or underdispersion feature, witch include Dirichlet-Multinomial model (DM model), extended DM model (EDM model), and two mean-covariance models. Method of maximum-likelihood estimation is discussed for DM and EDM models. Procedures to derive generalized least squares estimates are proposed for the two mean-covariance models respectively. As to the cell probabilities, we also discuss how to estimate them under several special structures of two-way and three-way tables. More easily evaluated Score test statistics are derived for the DM and EDM models to test the existence of the intra-cluster correlation. And the test of homogeneity of intra-cluster correlation among several populations is also derived.
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