本研究從認知語言學的觀點出發，以具有類似意義之日語複合動詞「～nuku」、「～kiru」、「～toosu」為研究對象，透過複合動詞「～nuku」、「～kiru」、「～toosu」所具有之多重意思，以及其具有之中心基模，來探討其語意之異同點。 過去的研究主要是以複合動詞之前項動詞的分類為基準，來探討具有類似意義之複合動詞之異同點，然而卻無法完全說明造成其異同點之關鍵原因。本研究著重於複合動詞具有之「中心基模」與「語意擴張構造」，並主張具有類似意義之複合動詞其最大的不同，主要即來自於各個複合動詞本身具有之不同的「中心基模」與「語意擴張構造」。 透過此分析方法可以得知，複合動詞「～nuku」、「～kiru」、「～toosu」其各自的「中心基模」分別如下： 「～nuku」為「克服行動過程中所具有之障礙」 「～kiru」為「由於某動作之影響，造成某對象消失之結果」 「～toosu」為「通過某路徑之起點與終點」 由以上所述之不同「中心基模」來探討可知，複合動詞「～nuku」、「～kiru」、「～toosu」雖然具有類似意義，但在「時間範圍」、「量範圍」、「程度範圍」、「認識範圍」、「有無意志性」、「有無障礙」、「有無目的」、「積極度」、「理解度」等項目中，仍可發現其不同之處。

日語表示敬意的詞綴有前綴（像「o」「go」「mi」等）與後綴（像「san」「sama」「chan」等），與同時加前綴和後綴的形式，為何在一個語言內存有前綴和後綴兩種不同的詞綴？ 本論文透過小說語料庫調查表示敬意之無標前綴「o」和後綴「san」的詞彙，並藉由構詞法規則來釐清「o」「san」的語法功能與共起關係。 在以往敬語論與構詞學的研究中，不外乎探討前綴「o」的待遇功能，或研究詞彙結構。有關「o」整體的研究，以及後綴「san」的研究以往皆未提及。 在此，將突破以往觀點所得之實證結果，歸納成以下三個重點。 　　第一，是否要在語基冠上前綴「o」其原因為除了說話者的待遇意識外，並得知尚有詞彙構成，詞彙種類，音韻構造，歷史背景，社會文化等五項因素。還有是否要在語基後加後綴「san」其原因為除了說話者的待遇意識外，還與詞彙種類有關(是否為表示有生物，或者於日本人心理構造「uchi[內部] ，soto[外部] ，yoso[別處]之同心圓構造」中表示soto[外部]領域)。 第二，得知前綴「o」跟後綴「san」都具有待遇和意思識別兩種不同的功能。　而前綴「o」與後綴「san」的待遇功能大可分成sotoka[外化](尊稱，謙稱，美稱)和uchika[內化](暱稱，人性化)。前綴「o」的意思識別功能具有「物品化」「人性化」「事務化」，但後綴「san」意思識別功能僅有「人性化」而已。接著這些大多是藉由比喻(隠喩，換喩，提喻)明確地改變其原意。 第三，前綴「o」跟後綴「san」同時共同使用「o ～san」形式的語基是否有被分成自由詞素和黏著詞素兩種。當語基為自由詞素時，前綴「o」跟後綴「san」可任意附加，但是語基為黏著詞素時，前綴「o」和後綴「san」則為構詞上的必要詞素。 / The affix to express Japanese respect has prefix (such as: "o", "go", "mi") and suffix (such as: "san", "sama", chan"). Furthermore, a form is that both are assigned to at same time. Why are there two different affixes expressing respect in a language? The dissertation aims to using the novel of database in accumulating the word added to express respects of prefix [o] and suffix [san], which are applied in rule of morphology to clarify their functions and relations. Referring to the conventional honorific and morphology studies, only have been discussing for prefix [o] of treatment function or word of constitution. However, concerning about whole prefix [o] of researches and suffix [san] likely are not mentioned still now. Therefore, overcoming past studies will be concerning with our result of demonstration, which can be as concluding below of three points. Firstly, whether the word of basis gets prefix [o] or not cause is except that speaker’s treatment awareness, which has found that other five factors include “word constitution”, “kind of the word”, “phoneme structure”, “background of the history”, and “social culture". In addition, whether back of the word basis puts on the suffix [san] or not cause is except that speaker’s treatment awareness, which concerns with the kind of word (whether that is a word to express an animate thing or not, perhaps “Soto” [external domain] is shown in the psychology structure of Japanese: the concentric structure of “Uchi” [internal domain], “Soto” [external domain], and “Yoso” [elsewhere domain]). Secondly, we have found that prefix [o] and suffix [san] have two different functions with “treatment” and “meaning discrimination”. As well, the treatment function of [o] and [san] are divided in “Sotoka” [externalized] (a title of honor, a modest calling-myself, a eulogistic name) and “Uchika” [internalized] (a term of endearment, humanization). Beside, the meaning discrimination function of prefix [o] includes “Monoka” [reification], “Hitoka” [humanization]” and “Kotoka” [matterization], but the meaning discrimination function of the suffix [san] has only “Hitoka” [humanization]. Therefore, most of them are developed by the metaphor (metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche) for changing original meaning clearly. Finally, prefix [o] and suffix [san] together use the word-basis of form[o～san], which whether free morpheme and bound morpheme are distinguished in or not. In case of word-basis in the free morpheme, prefix [o] and suffix [san] can be an optical addition. But in case of word-basis in the bound morpheme, the prefix [o] and suffix [san] are essential morpheme to be formed the word.

奧塔維亞•巴特勒《撒種的比喻》與《才幹的比喻》描述一個末日的反烏托邦世界。這兩本小說截取當今社會問題，讓我們對可預期的未來有所警惕。它們不僅提升我們對於現在社會問題的意識，同時不斷地注入並維持希望，為社會改變提供不同的解決方案。 做為批評式反烏托邦的現代文類，《比喻》系列小說透過融合末日小說文類，論述希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係。《比喻》系列小說藉由地球之種（Earthseed）的信念及其核心思想「改變即是上帝」（“God is Change”） 強調生存的重要性，並將生存進一步分為兩個層次：即時生存（immediate survival）及永續生存（lasting survival），而即時生存與永續生存之間亦存在一種辨證關係。本論文目的為探討《比喻》系列小說中的希望、烏托邦主義與生存在《比喻》系列中的互動，及它們之間獨特的辨證關係如何反映當今社會的處境與現代烏托邦文學的趨勢。 本論文分為五個章節：第一章將烏托邦定義為以社會改變為目的的思想及文類；第二章闡述烏托邦文學領域的發展，並將《比喻》系列定位為批判式反烏托邦，以建構希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係；第三章與第四章透過《比喻》系列的文本例證研究希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係如何運作，第三章探討《撒種的比喻》與即時生存，而第四章則探討《才幹的比喻》與永續生存；最後，第五章總結《比喻》系列所反映的當今社會局勢，從文本中發現希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係，並藉由這三者之間關係的理解，避免人類文明社會可能面臨的災難。 / Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents depict a postapocalyptic dystopian world, extrapolated from the problems of present day society to provide us with a warning of our conceivable future. They raise awareness of current social problems, while maintaining a locus of hope and providing possible alternatives for social change. In the contemporary genre of “critical dystopias,” the Parable series merges together with the genre of postapocalyptic fiction to demonstrate a dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival. The importance of survival is emphasized in the Parables through the belief system of Earthseed and its core idea of “God is Change,” and can be further distinguished into two levels—immediate survival and lasting survival, which also exist in a dialectical relationship with each other. The aim of this thesis is to discuss how the concepts of hope, utopianism and survival interact in the Parables, and what this unique dialectical relationship reflects about contemporary literary utopias and the present. This thesis is divided into five chapters: Chapter One defines utopia through the function of social change; Chapter Two provides a brief overview of the development of the literary utopian genre and establishes the Parables as critical dystopias, a form that enables and constitutes the dialectical relationship of hope, utopianism and survival; Chapter Three and Four contain the textual analysis of how the dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival functions in the Parables, with Chapter Three focusing on Parable of the Sower and immediate survival, and Chapter Four focusing on Parable of the Talents and lasting survival; finally, Chapter Five concludes with how the Parables relate to our present social conditions, and how understanding the dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival may assist humanity’s effort to avert a major crisis.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese