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特種作戰部隊之運用:美中台個案研究高甯松 Unknown Date (has links)
過去全球區域雖發生過多次大小無數戰爭,已顯示在未來強權爭奪戰爭中將趨於所謂區域性「低強度衝突」,19世紀末葉時,所有戰爭的65﹪均可歸類為低強度衝突,在1970年代,80﹪的戰爭都是低強度衝突,到了1980年代,更有90﹪的戰爭都屬於低強度衝突。過去的核武嚇阻固然充分發揮了其功能與效果,尤有甚者,各核子強權間之相互嚇阻更進一步阻止了此等強權中之某個潛在侵略者發動傳統性戰爭去攻擊另一強權。
其理由至為簡單,因為任何擁有核子強權國家亦恐懼其如對他國發動傳統性戰爭當會招致其核武之報復,進而提升為一場核武大戰。因之,在相互嚇阻與其他一些因素限制條件下,「低強度衝突」便成為未來國際間戰爭之基本模式。
由於國際戰略力量對比的重大變化,改變了「冷戰」時期打世界大戰的力量結構和戰略態勢,在新的形勢下,當今世界軍事形勢和各國軍隊建設正處於一個大變動、大調整的時期,世界各主要國家都在調整自己軍事戰略和軍隊建設的重點。美國仍處當今世界唯一的超級強國,其面對新的國際環境,除在國防和軍隊建設中一方面採取削減軍費、裁減員額、逐步縮小規模,另一方面則透過調整軍備結構、突出發展重點於加強質量建設
,以不斷提昇其綜合競爭與實戰能力。美國為維護及擴展在全球各地的戰略利益,正努力發展應付未來可能朝中、低強度區域衝突的力量結構和作戰能力,並同時調整其軍事組織架構編組。環顧新的世界局勢,中共軍事專家曾認為,當前國際走向世界大戰之可能性已不大,惟世界各地局部戰爭和地區性武裝衝突將日趨凸顯因而面對未來新的國際秩序和亞太環境,
中共除了積極發展先進具有嚇阻作用的戰略性武器外,首要即建立一支有效投射兵力的快速反應部隊,以因應未來可能出現的區域性小規模、高強度的局部性軍事作戰行動,而其性質並兼顧反恐怖、反暴亂、反劫持等特殊任務。
本篇論文藉由美軍、中共現有特種作戰部隊組建、任務遂行過程及發展趨勢例證中加以深入探討,進而研析國軍特種作戰部隊於現代戰爭型態
、環境下,應如何扮演、建構一支具有相當特色之戰力。期使在未來台澎防衛作戰中,發揮應有作戰效能;進而能擔任應急作戰之快速反應任務,俾供防衛作戰中用兵之參考。姑且不論未來作戰模式是「決定性或壓倒性武力」,都是贏得植基於「武力對武力」與「消耗」模式的下一場戰爭構想與作戰兩方面的基石中。快速掌控在透過「震撼」與「威懾」之運用,以影響敵之意志、認知與瞭解,使之屈從或順應我方之戰略政策目標。由此可知,若能運用一支量小質精兼具特種作戰效能的部隊,快速提供且能立即控制整個作戰利益地區及擴大其周遭環境之能力。除能達成決定性與優勢戰場覺知兩項任務外,預期快速掌控亦當能以更為有效的方法達成所列述之政治或軍事目的,以支持動用之武力,致使敵人全然無力對抗。故放眼未來,為順應此一自然趨勢,特種作戰部隊將會更加活躍、更受重視,特種作戰部隊的建設亦是當前國軍精進案中不可忽視的問題。
關鍵字:特種作戰、特種作戰部隊、特勤隊、快反部隊、非正規戰、反恐戰爭、低強度衝突
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我國國防部反恐怖行動機制之探討 —以憲兵特勤隊為例 / Investigation of anti-terrorism mechanism by the ROC (TAIWAN) Ministry of Defense – in the case of military police special service company (MPSSC)陳翊豪, Chen, Yi Hao Unknown Date (has links)
面對近年來恐怖主義持續壯大及ISIS恐怖組織,由其面對孤狼恐怖主義(lone wolf terrorism)攻擊頻繁發生在世界各地,如挪威槍擊事件、波士頓馬拉松爆炸案、國內高鐵行李爆裂物及法國查理週刊等事件中,就可以看出恐怖主義在全球漫延。在2016年美國恐怖主義報告中提到,「東亞國家積極參與打擊恐怖主義,以澳大利亞、日本、馬來西亞、紐西蘭、南韓、新加坡及臺灣是全球打擊ISIS聯盟的合作夥伴。」可見我國面對恐怖主義已是美國盟友之一,並不能置身事外,需要面對未知的恐怖攻擊並想辦法應對,只有做好萬全的準備才能在發生恐攻時迅速解決。目前我國已制定初步的反恐怖行動策略,雖然在中華民國尚未發生重大的恐怖行動,我們還是必須做準備,瞭解自己有多大能量能因應能恐怖攻擊,在機制上如何上下通聯及左右協調,確保整個機制能正常運作。
國軍依行政院指導,就部隊能力及恐怖攻擊行動性質,完成反恐任務部隊整備,依令執行反恐應援任務。當國內發生恐怖攻擊事件時,依行政院國土安全應變中心任務需求,由國軍聯合作戰指揮中心派遣專責、專業、地區應變部隊,協力反恐應援任務。為防止恐怖主義對國家的威脅,必須建立相關機制及應變單位,我國國軍主要反恐任務部隊,主要為憲兵特勤隊、陸軍航特部特勤中隊及海軍陸戰隊特勤中隊等三支特勤隊,而憲兵特勤隊成立之初就是因反恐而編成,所以不論在裝備、人員、武器及訓練上都可做為國內反恐的指標。但在解嚴後的執行面漸漸被警察及海巡特勤隊取代其任務,若在恐攻發生時要如何執行反恐任務,在國家及國防部反恐機制中能否運作,憲兵本就具有軍司法警察身分,擔負協力維護治安的重任,更是國家元首的鐵衛軍,在實際上執行任務有法可依循,在國軍精減後繼續朝向「量少、質精、戰力強」的目標邁進,要如何應證憲兵特勤隊的能力,一方面需要法規及制度的配合,另一方面要完備反恐各整備,才能在關鍵時刻完成任務。 / The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and study the role of MPSSC in the chain of command within the anti-terrorism mechanism system. Faced with escalating threat of international terrorism and ISIS regime in recent years, lone wolf terrorism attacks have frequently occurred around the globe, to name a few: the 2011 Norway attacks, Boston Marathon bombings, Taiwan high-speed rail baggage bursts and French Charlie Weekly and other events. In the 2016 United States Terrorism Report, “East Asian countries have been actively involved in the fight against terrorism, with Australia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan as partners in the global fight against ISIS.” ROC (Taiwan) has been taking important role as one of the American allies and cannot be left out of the fight. The island country is ought to be prepared for an unknown yet possible terrorist attack. Though thus far no major terrorism activities had burst out in Taiwan, the government has already proposed a preliminary strategy for anti-terrorism action, in the event of possible terrorist actions on the island. The island country must be prepared and understand how much energy it can produce to deal with terrorist attacks, as well as efficient internal coordination in the chain of command within the anti-terrorism mechanism.
The ROC (Taiwan) Executive Yuan commands The island country’s National Army. The Army formulates a counter-terrorism task force in terms of its military capability and the nature of a terrorist attacks. In the event of a terrorist attacks, the Executive Yuan Homeland Security Response Center issues mission statement and the National Army Joint Operations Command Center is responsible to compose and deploy a dedicated, professional, contingency local forces. In order to prevent the threat, relevant mechanisms and contingency units are required to establish. The island country`s main anti-terrorism task force: MPSSC, the Airborne Special Service Company (ASSC) and the Chinese Marine Corps Special Service Company (CMC.SSC). The MPSSC was initially founded to fight against terrorism, therefore in terms of equipment, personnel, weapons and training can be demonstrated as a domestic anti-terrorism indicators. Yet starting in the 80s, post Martial-Law period, Wei-An Police Special Services Commando (WAPSSC) and Coast Guard Administration Special Task Unit (CGA-STU) has gradually took over in importance. In the event of a terrorist attack, the role of the MPSSC and its frame of operation within the Ministry of Defense mechanism are still not clear. The MPSSC is the military police, by its nature and the law; it is committed to the task of maintaining law and order. The MPSSC is also the iron guard of the president. After the streamline of the National Army, the goal strive to a “less, quality, strong fighting” forces is still in process. In order to prove and account for the ability of the MPSSC, a clear, regulated law and institutional cooperation in required on one hand, and a combat -ready preparation status is also required on the other hand.
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