本研究所選取的研究對象是太陽能技術領域中的相關研究單位，之所以選擇太陽能產業主要有幾點原因：1. 全球可利用能源有限，各界紛紛發展相關再生能源技術，而太陽能技術領域為目前最被看好的方向，所以太陽能技術之議題研究實為刻不容緩。2. 以往探討太陽能相關文獻，大都從太陽能的產業面及發展商機等做一探討，而鮮以從專案層次的技術管理層面切入，本研究認為欲探求太陽能領域之技術發展，必須從技術知識的基本特性著眼，並深入研討其技術管理過程為何，另外，技術也是知識的一種，故而技術管理自然會牽涉到知識管理。3. 一般技術在發展歷程中，會依循特定軌跡來累積成長，這個特性在太陽能產業尤其明顯，而國內卻一直沒有專門研究太陽能技術的系所，所以，有關太陽能產業中其技術來源及發展軌跡，實為一有趣而值得探究的議題。 目前國內的太陽能產業鏈，從上游端到下游端分別包括晶片、電池、模組以及系統應用等，本研究主要針對上述領域之技術研究單位來探討主要兩個研究問題： 1. 太陽能技術領域中，關鍵的技術知識特性為何? 2. 太陽能研究單位在技術發展過程中，其知識創新的管理活動為何?這些活動又如何受到技術知識特性的影響? 本研究從技術知識特性及知識的創新管理活動兩構面，藉由個案訪談的方式，深入探討技術單位在技術發展過程，兩構面之相互影響及造成的結果為何。最後，本研究經過個案訪談整理以及其他次級資料分析，以及經過相關學者文獻的學理驗證結果，得到以下幾點的研究發現：   1、 技術知識的創新程度會影響知識創造活動的團隊型態 2、 技術知識的變動程度會影響知識創造活動的外部網路關係 3、 技術知識的複雜度會影響團隊成員的多元化程度 4、 技術知識的專質性會影響知識創造活動的新工具/程序之產生方式 5、 不同的技術生命週期會影響知識創造活動的實驗或原型試製的方式 另外，經過研究個案之歸納分析後，除了五項主要的研究發現外，還有兩個其它的重要發現，分別如下 1、 太陽能領域的技術研究單位會依循特定路徑累積其動態能耐 2、 依技術研究單位願景與定位的不同，其技術策略發展也有所不同 / This thesis focuses on the photovoltaic industry in Taiwan, especially for the research unit of solar tech. The reasons are several aspects listed. 1. The energy in the world is limited, and more and more firms start to find the way to new kind of energy. Among lots of renewable energy technologies, solar tech. is most emphasized. To find more details about the solar tech. is important. 2. Most of formal thesis focused on the opportunities about the solar market, but few discussed about the technology characteristics and management of solar tech. But as we know, technology is one kind of knowledge, and tech. management is certainly related to knowledge management. 3. The technologies in many fields always follow the special trajectory, and the solar tech. is no exception. So it’s interesting to find the sources of solar tech. and to find how the solar technologies make further progress. The solar industry in Taiwan mainly includes technologies of wafer, cell, module, and system application. The main goal of this thesis focuses on the research units that deal in solar technology, and the thesis has two principal questions for discussion as followed: 1. What are the key characteristics of technology in solar field? 2. What are the activities of knowledge management in solar field? And the thesis has structural frame consists of two elements: the characteristics of tech. knowledge and the knowledge management. By interviewing the related research units in solar field and other data for assists, the research has discovered some interesting results: 1. The degree of tech. innovation would affect the team type. 2. The degree of tech. variation would affect the connection to external units. 3. The degree of tech. complexities would affect the diversification of team numbers. 4. The degree of tech. exclusion would affect whether the research units make new tools/procedures by oneself or directly buy in. 5. Different stage of tech. life cycle would affect the experiment ways or different prototype. Besides, by the analyses of the cases, the thesis also finds other two results about the characteristics of solar industry. They are listed as followed: 1. The research units of solar field would follow specialized trajectories to build their core competence. 2. Depending on different vision in the solar field, the research units have different development strategies.

目的：基於初診斷乳癌患者的心理沮喪反應存在個別差異性之假設，本研究旨在探討乳癌患者的心理沮喪發展軌跡及其與資源變化、因應風格之間的關係，並採用動態性的壓力調適觀點來說明影響個體間發展差異與個人內變化之因素。三個主要的目的為（1）初診斷乳癌患者是否具有不同的心理沮喪發展軌跡？（2）隨時序變化的資源變化與因應風格可否區辨不同的軌跡組別；以及（3）不同軌跡組別的資源變化與因應風格對其心理沮喪之影響是否不同？ 方法： 本研究採用貫時性的研究設計，共收錄200名初診斷乳癌患者。患者於診斷後的手術前一天進行評估，並於術後一個月、術後四個月、術後七個月及術後一年進行後續的追蹤。每一點的心理沮喪分數採用中文的醫院版焦慮與憂鬱量表（HADS）來測量，追蹤時間點的資源變化與癌症因應風格之分數，分別是以修編的資源改變量表（資源流失與資源獲得）與台灣版癌症心理調適量表（Mini-MAC）進行評估。 結果：潛在類別成長模式的結果顯示，相較於過去的研究，心理沮喪的變化軌跡可區辨出「韌性組」、「復原組」、「晚發組」及「慢性組」。潛在成長曲線模式的分析顯示，相較於其他三組，「韌性組」的壓力因應特性為：診斷之後維持在低資源流失、較低的初始AP，以及較低的CA成長率；相較於「韌性組」，「復原組」還具有下降較慢的FS；「晚發組」與「慢性組」又比前兩組具有更高的初始HH與較高的AP成長率，而「慢性組」比起其他三組在診斷初期具有最高的資源流失、最高的HH以及最低的FS。階層線性模式的分析顯示，四組之中的資源流失與因應風格皆可預測心理沮喪，作用的差異之處主要出現在「慢性組」的資源獲得與CA具有減緩心理沮喪之效果，以及各組之內的預測因子不同。 結論：本研究支持罹癌後的壓力反應具有個別差異性，並且指出乳癌患者的心理沮喪反應具有四種不同的發展型態。本研究也強調於連續變化的向度中考量不同的心理沮喪發展軌跡及其相關的壓力調適因子亦具有時序變化之重要性。有關的理論與實務意涵將於後作進一步地討論。 / Objectives: This study assumed the psychological distress of newly-diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients existed the entities of the individual difference, so this study examined distinct development trajectories of psychological distress amongst BC patients and their relationship with resource changes and coping styles, and adopted a dynamic stress-coping perspective to shed light on the factors that contribute to the diversity of inter-individual development and intra-individual change. The three major purposes were (1) to determine if there are distinct development trajectories of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosis BC patients; (2) to test whether time-varying resource changes and coping styles can distinguish the trajectory groups; (3) to explore whether the effect of time-varying resource changes and coping styles on psychological distress differ within each trajectories group. Methods: A longitudinal reasarch study of 200 newly-diagnosed BC patients was recruited and participants were assessed at the day before surgery, and again at the 1-month, 4-month, 7-month and 1-year post-surgery follow-ups. Psychological distress was measured at the five time-points using the Chinese version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Resource changes and cancer-specific coping were assessed at all follow-ups using the revised Resource Change Scale and the the Chinese version of Mini-MAC Scale, respectively. Results: Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) identified four latent classes of BC patients with distinct developmental trajectories of psychological distress - resilience, recovery, late onset and chronic dysfunction. Latent Growth Curve Model (LGM) revealed that the stress-coping properties of the resilience group featured a stabilized lower level of resource loss after diagnosis, a lower level of initial AP-coping and a lower growth rate of CA-coping when compared with the others. The recovery group was more likely to have a lower decrease of FS-coping than the resilience group. Moreover, the late onset group and the chronic dysfunction group were more likely to have a higher level of initial HH-coping and a higher increase in AP-coping, and the chronic dysfunction group was characterized by the highest level of initial resource loss and HH-coping, and the lowest level of initial FS-coping compared with the other groups. The Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) indicated that resource loss and use of coping styles could significantly predict levels of psychological distress in each trajectory group. The major differences that appeared were in the positive effect of resource gain and use of CA-coping on decreasing distress symptoms amongst people in the chronic dysfunction group, as well as in the different predictors that were found in each trajectory group. Conclusions: The present study shows that there are individual differences in cancer-specific stress responses and outlines four different developmental patterns of psychological distress amongst newly-diagnosed Taiwanese BC patients. This study also stressed the importance of considering time-serial continuity of distinct developmental trajectories with regards to psychological distress as well as the related stress-coping factors which also varies with time. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed in depth in the content of the study.

研究目的：欲瞭解自閉症類疾患兒童，橫跨幼兒期、學齡前期至學齡期的自閉症狀發展軌跡，探究當中是否存有不同的發展軌跡，並檢視不同發展軌跡的群體在認知功能與適應行為隨時間的變化型態是否有差異，以及不同群體在早期的社會溝通能力或療育經驗上是否有差異。 方法：本研究有37名自閉症類與24位非自閉症類受試者納入分析，共測量三次：時間點一平均生理年齡為2歲半、時間點二為4歲、時間點三為8歲半。於三個時間點皆以自閉症診斷觀察量表評估自閉症狀嚴重度、以及穆林發展量表或魏氏兒童智力量表第四版評估認知功能，在時間點二與時間點三以文蘭適應行為量表第二版評估適應行為；另外，在時間點一以台灣版兩歲期自閉症篩檢工具評估社會溝通能力，以及在時間點一至時間點二之間，以電話訪問的方式紀錄兒童每週參與療育的時數。 結果：由階層式集群分析結果顯示，社交情感嚴重度校正分數可將自閉症類與非自閉症類兒童分群，並於自閉症類兒童中可再分為維持高嚴重度組與退步組。兩組自閉症類兒童於學齡時期在社交情感症狀皆呈現嚴重度明顯上升的趨勢，在認知功能與適應行為隨時間的變化型態相似，不過維持高嚴重度組在認知功能與適應行為有較低的分數（但未達統計顯著）。此外，兩組自閉症類兒童於時間點一的意圖溝通能力即有差異，不過僅共享式注意力可預測日後社交情感症狀發展軌跡之分群。 總結：由結果可見自閉症狀維持高嚴重度組，於認知功能與適應行為有較明顯缺損，推論自閉症類兒童的自閉症狀嚴重度與認知功能及適應行為並非完全獨立的變項。兩組自閉症類兒童於學齡期症狀嚴重度上升，而此趨勢在退步組兒童更為明顯。雖然本研究並未發現早期療育經驗對於社交情感症狀發展的影響，不過共享式注意力對於日後社交情感症狀有預測力。進一步討論此結果在理論與臨床實務上的應用。 / Purposes: the purpose of the study was to plot longitudinal developmental trajectories of autism symptom severity in the children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) from toddler age to school age. And to examine whether these different trajectories are associated with the cognitive function, adaptive behavior, early social communication skill, and early intervention experience. Methods: Thirty-seven children with ASDs and 24 children with developmental delay participated at time 1 (mean chronological age was 2.5 years old), and then followed at time 2 (mean chronological age was 4 years old) and time 3 (mean chronological age was 8.5 years old). The study assessed the autism symptom severity by ADOS and cognitive function by MSEL or WISC-Ⅳ at three time points; adaptive behavior by VABS-II at time 2 and time 3; and early social communication skills by T-STAT at time 1 and also used telephone interviews to record participants’ weekly intervention hours during time 1 to time 2. Results: In hierarchical cluster analysis, social affect calibrated severity score (CSS) could discriminate ASDs and Non-ASDs groups, also could divided ASDs into two groups, called persistent high and worsening groups. The social affect symptom severity increased at school age in both groups. On the other hand, the change of cognitive function and adaptive behavior with time showed similar pattern in the two groups. However, participants in the persistent high group have relatively lower scores of cognitive function and adaptive behavior, although did not rearch statistically significant. Furthermore, two ASDs groups at toddler showed difference in intention communication skills; however, only joint attention could predict social affect trajectory subgrouping. Conclusions: In summery, the study showed that persistent high group has more cognitive and adaptive function impairments than the worsening group in the children with ASDs. It seemed that the autistic symptom are not entirely independent with cognitive function and adaptive behavior. Moreover, the symptom severity increased at school age in both the persistent high and the worsening groups, and this trend was more significant in the worsening group. Additionally, the experience of early intervention showed no significant effects on developmental trajectories of social affect symptom; however, the joint attention was found to be an index to predict the development of social affect symptom in ASDs groups. The theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.