1 |
碳價波動影響因素之探討─以歐洲能源交易所碳交易為例 / Driving factors of carbon price volatility-example of european energy exchange AG宋建緯 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來世人注目的焦點已從金融風暴議題,轉向了地球暖化、氣候劇變等問題,世界環境變遷造成人類巨大的傷害,已是國際組織與各國政府施政重點。在1997年12月於日本召開UNFCCC COP3,通過旨在限制溫室氣體排放的京都議定書,其中排放交易是指已開發國家間的合作,普遍被認為最具有成本效率性。
近年全球對於環境保護意識已有大幅提升,各國降低碳排放之手段可區分為技術面以及經濟面。本文以後者為主要探討重點,亦即透過經濟手段以促進減碳科技廣泛的應用。減碳的技術同時具備外部性及公共財的特性,降低二氧化碳排放對環境之效益並無法排除他人享受,因此若碳價波動過度劇烈將影響企業減碳投資意願時,政府須介入管制碳價格。本文先探討究竟影響碳價波動的主因為何,以利後續研究碳權價格波動和價格管制間,權衡對減碳投資與減碳成效的影響。
研究結果顯示,歐洲地區如北歐、東歐及南歐夏日氣候差異大,以及歐洲地區處於溫帶氣候因素使得極熱變數對碳價波動影響不顯著,但不保證其它地區有相同結論;能源價格對碳權價格有重大之影響,尤其原油最為明顯;由於匯率會影響能源價格,因此連帶影響碳價;極寒氣候對碳價有顯著影響,其先影響能源之供需,間接影響碳價之波動;SP之落後期在phase 2有縮短之趨勢,即天然氣與煤炭間之價差對碳價影響越來越大;進行碳價格之實證分析必須區分第一階段及第二階段,否則會造成估計上之不準確。不僅能源價格本身對碳價會有直接之影響,影響能源價格之變數亦間接影響碳價之波動,如氣候以及匯率,先經由透過能源價格變動再傳導至碳權價格。
|
2 |
電動機車商業模式之經濟效益分析:共享經濟vs.電池租賃 / Economic benefit analysis of business models for the electric scooter: sharing economy vs. battery rental游晨廷, Yu, Chen Ting Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,電動車與電動機車發展及應用儼然已成為世界潮流,在機車密度極高且擁有「機車王國」稱號的台灣,電動機車技術日新月異,也發展出多樣化商業模式,其中最著名莫過於電動機車電池租賃商業模式,以及共享商業模式。
本研究旨在利用成本效益分析中的淨現值法及益本比法,模擬分析機車使用者以電動機車代替傳統燃油機車,為使用者自己及整體社會帶來之淨現值。在電動機車方面,本研究分析兩種電動機車商業模式,分別為「電動機車電池租賃商業模式」及「共享電動機車商業模式」。
本研究結果顯示,在使用者立場下,目前電動機車成本依舊大於傳統125C.C.燃油機車之成本,且「電動機車電池租賃商業模式」較適合每個月騎乘里程較長之使用者,而「共享電動機車商業模式」較適合每個月騎乘里程較短之使用者。此外,敏感度分析顯示出,在「電動機車電池租賃商業模式」下,騎乘里程長度與NPV及BCR均呈現正相關。在「共享電動機車商業模式」下,每個月騎乘里程為100公里之使用者,在共享電動機車計價方式為每分鐘2.25元之方案下,使用者之NPV>0及BCR>1,並且騎乘里程越短之使用者,其對共享電動機車計價變動的益本比敏感程度越高(當價格下降時,益本比上升較高)。
最後,在整體社會立場下,利用「電動機車電池租賃商業模式」替換傳統燃油機車且騎乘里程越高之使用者,對整體社會帶來之淨現值越高。而利用「共享電動機車商業模式」替換傳統燃油機車且騎乘里程越低之使用者,越具有經濟效益。 / In recent years, the development and application of electric vehicles and electric scooters have become popuplar. In Taiwan, where scooter density is very high and is also called a "scooter kingdom", electric scooter technology is not only improving, but also developing a diversified business model. Particularly, two of the most famous business models are “Electric scooter battery rental business model” and “Sharing electric scooter business model”.
The purpose of this study is to use the net present value method and the benefit ratio method in the cost-benefit analysis. We analysis the user's own benefits and the overall social net benefits which are generated from the scooter users replacing traditional fuel scooter with electric scooter. In the field of electric scooters, this study analyzes two business models of electric scooters, “Electric scooter battery rental business model” and “Sharing electric scooter business model”.
According to the simulation result of empirical analysis, for the users, the current cost of electric scooters is still higher than the cost of traditional 125C.C. fuel scooters. “Electric scooter battery rental business model” is more suitable for people who have higher accumulated distance per month, and “Sharing electric scooter business model” is more suitable for people who have lower accumulated distance per month . On the other hand, according to the result of sensitivity analysis, the accumulated distance is positively correlated with NPV and BCR in the “Electric scooter battery rental business model”. In the “Sharing electric scooter business model”, those who ride 100 km per month have NPV> 0 and BCR> 1 in the pricing of NT$2.25 per minute. Besides, those who ride 100 km per month have higher sensitivity of pricing.
For the overall society, those who use the "Electric scooter battery rental business model" to replace the traditional fuel scooter and have higher accumulated distance per month can generate higher net benefits to the whole society. Those who use the "Sharing electric scooter business model" to replace the traditional fuel scooter and have lower accumulated distance per month can generate higher net benefits to the whole society.
|
Page generated in 0.0234 seconds