Studies of transnational advocacy mainly explore separate processes – e.g. the use of persuasion, socialization, leverage, incentives and penalties – through which specific actors influence policy and law at national and transnational levels. These processes can be seen as strings pulled by the actors involved in order to promote their aims. However, the existing literature stops short of explaining the dynamics of advocacy across time, the number of strings necessary for inducing change and the failure of advocacy. In order to address these shortcomings this thesis analyses the interactions between various processes that constitute transnational advocacy and proposes a conceptual model – labelled the integrated strings model of advocacy – to facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of advocacy. This model suggests that transnational advocacy is constituted by the following interlinked processes, labelled stages and strings in order to emphasize their dynamics: - The stages are: the making of pilot or past solutions-in-practice, problematization, the development of a common frame for possible solutions, the creation of solutions-on-paper and the making of solutions-in-practice; - These stages are constituted by six strings: the creation of social enterprises, the use of expertise, regulations, technology, the formation of alliances and the marketization of ideas and services. This model provides a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of advocacy than the existing literature and explains why some advocacy processes were successful while other failed. The model is illustrated through three case studies of advocacy focused on: (a) heritage conservation and sustainable development in Romania; (b) children's rights in Romania; and (c) access to the UK' labour market for Romanian migrants in Britain. The integrated model was developed through empirical multi-sited research conducted in Romania and the UK. My methodology was influenced by multi-sited ethnography (Marcus 1998), grounded theory (Strauss and Corbin 1990) and actor-network theory (Callon 1986; Latour 2005).

No description available.

This thesis looks at how news shaped people's relationship to the world in Algeria under French rule. This territory operated under an uncertain legal status that made it both a part of France and a colony, and within it lived a society divided between European settlers and Muslim natives. Accounts of recent events helped Algerians determine what was domestic and what was foreign in a place where those two notions were highly contested. Colonialism did not close Algeria off from the world or open it up, instead it created a particular geography. In a series of case-studies taken from across Algeria, this thesis investigates a wide range of types of news: manuscripts, rumours, wire dispatches, newspapers, illustrations, songs, newsreels, and radio broadcasts. It focuses on the period in which Algeria's legal status as part of France was most certain, from the end of the conquest and the consolidation of Republican rule in the 1880s to the outbreak of the Second World War. In this period, authorities thought the influence of outside events on Algeria was a bigger threat than disturbances within. Because of this, state surveillance produced reports to monitor foreign news, and these form the backbone of this study. But state attempts to manage the flow of news had unintended effects. Instead of establishing effective censorship, authorities ended up spreading news and making it more politically sensitive. Settlers, supposedly the state's allies, proved highly disruptive to state attempts to control the flow of information. Through a social history of information in a settler colonial society, this research reconsiders the relationship between changes in media and people's sense of community. From the telegraph to the radio, new technologies worked to divide colonial society rather than tying it together, and the same medium could lead to divergent senses of community.

This thesis investigates the motivation behind individuals’ decision to migrate, the impact of migration on the host countries’ economies, and finally the impact of high skilled emigration on the human capital level in origin countries. Chapter 1 investigates whether ICT facilitates migration flows from origin to host countries based on the magnitude of the flows. Chapter 2 investigates the productivity effects of migration in four European Union (EU) countries: the UK, Spain and the Netherlands for 1995-2008 and Germany for 2002-2008. This analysis was carried out using EU Labour Force Survey (LFS) and EU-KLEMS data. We apply the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) variant for the autoregressive distributed-lag (ARDL) estimator. Various findings are presented in order to distinguish between EU and non-EU origins as well as the skill level of migrants. Chapter 3 contributes an insightful panel data analysis of human capital and high skilled emigration for 74 origin countries from 1980 to 2000 with a five-year frequency. We find a significant negative brain drain impact of high skilled emigration across countries sampled.

This dissertation delves into re-casted, re-negotiated, and emergent U.S. and Latino perspectives that are resulting from trans-border cultural and national fusion and undocumented Mexican immigration to the U.S. between the years 2000-2015. Five cultural products-- newspaper headlines, literature, music, political cartoons, and memes-- as produced by Mexican individuals on one side of the U.S.-Mexican Border and undocumented individuals on the other, who are part of the millennial generation, are considered against fossilized notions of gender, race, class, and national identity to determine if and how millennial Mexicans and millennial undocumented individuals are leveraging specific cultural tokens to be tools of defiance and to promulgate a re-writing of self.

Les bactéries se répandent aux interfaces en formant des colonies, qui peuvent être considérées comme des suspensions denses actives. L'objet de cette thèse est le développement et l'analyse de modèles simples pour élucider le rôle des phénomènes physico-chimiques et passifs - tels que l'osmose, la tension de surface et le mouillage - dans l'expansion des colonies bactériennes aux interfaces solide/air. Les modèles sont basés sur une description hydrodynamique des couches minces de suspensions liquides, qui est complété par des processus bioactifs.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'expansion osmotique des biofilms. Dans ce mécanisme, la bactérie sécrète une matrice polymérique qui agit comme un osmolyte et entraîne un afflux d'eau, riche en nutriments, du substrat humide vers le biofilm. Nous avons constaté que la mouillabilité du substrat est une des déterminantes principales de la vitesse d'expansion du biofilm. En-dessous d'une mouillabilité critique l'expansion s'interrompt, bien que la colonie soit biologiquement active. Cependant, une légère réduction de la tension de surface et une amélioration de la mouillabilité qui en résulte suffisent à induire un étalement continu. Les bactéries peuvent activement contrôler la tension de surface par la production de bio-surfactants.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'expansion de colonies bactériennes aidée par des molécules biologiques tensioactives auto-produites. Dans ce mécanisme, des flux de Marangoni résultant d'une concentration non uniforme de molécules tensioactives aux bords de la colonie peuvent favoriser l'expansion coopérative et provoquer une instabilité de la forme axi-symétrique des colonies bactériennes. Notre modèle nous a permis de reproduire quatre modes de développement différentes, à savoir l'étalement arrêté et continu des colonies circulaires, l'étalement des colonies avec des bords légèrement modulées et la formation de doigts prononcés.Dans la dernière partie, nous avons fait un premier pas vers l'incorporation de la motilité actif des bactéries dans notre modèle et présentons donc un modèle phénoménologique pour un film mince active. / Bacteria colonise interfaces by the formation of dense aggregates. In this thesis, we develop and analyse simple models to clarify the role of passive physico-chemical forces and processes - such as osmosis, surface tension effects and wettability - in the spreading of bacterial colonies at solid-air interfaces. The models are based on a hydrodynamic description for thin films of liquid suspensions that is supplemented by bioactive processes.We first focus on the osmotic spreading mechanism of bacterial colonies that relies on the generation of osmotic pressure gradients. The bacteria secrete a polymeric matrix which acts as an osmolyte and triggers the influx of nutrient-rich water from the moist substrate into the colony. We find that wettability crucially affects the spreading dynamics. At low wettability, the lateral expansion of the colony is arrested, albeit the colony is biologically active. However, a small reduction of the surface tension and the resulting improvement of the wettability suffices to induce continuous spreading. This can, e.g., result from the production of bio-surfactants by the bacteria.Next, we study passive liquid films covered by insoluble surfactants before developing a model for the surfactant-driven spreading of bacterial colonies. In this spreading mechanism, Marangoni fluxes arising due to a non-uniform surfactant concentration at the edges of the colony drive cooperative spreading and may cause an instability of the circular colony shape. We find that variations in wettability and surfactant production suffice to reproduce four different types of colony growth, namely, arrested and continuous spreading of circular colonies, slightly modulated front lines and the formation of pronounced fingers.In the final part, we take a first step towards the incorporation of active collective bacterial motion in the employed thin-film framework and present a phenomenologically derived model for active polar films.

Les insectes hématophages impactent sur la santé humaine et animale par la nuisance et l’allergie induite par la piqûre ou par leur risque de transmission d’agents pathogènes. Les étudier permet de mieux prévenir, gérer ou traiter l’ensemble des pathologies induites. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié deux insectes que sont la punaise de lit et le phlébotome.- Pour les punaises de lit une revue de la littérature sur les méthodes d'élevage a été rédigée. Nous avons déterminé deux aspects que sont les facteurs physiques (température, humidité relative, photopériode) et physiologiques (type, fréquence des repas) à prendre en considération. Un travail de terrain de recueil de spécimens a permis d’étudier la génétique des spécimens par localités et d’évaluer le portage de pathogènes notamment la bactérie Wolbachia sp.- Pour le phlébotome, un élevage de l’espèce Phlebotomus perniciosus a été mis en place permettant d'évaluer deux modèles infectieux expérimentaux à Leishmania infantum sur souris BALB/c et sur gorgeur artificiel. Des captures de terrain ont été réalisées et une étude de la génétique de population de Phlebotomus ariasi a été publiée. Une revue de la littérature sur les principaux événements historiques et évolutifs des Leishmanies, des phlébotomes et des réservoirs animaux associés a été publiée.- Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons collaboré à un nouveau mode d’identification des diptères hématophages (dépôt d’un brevet).- Au cours de ces 3 années de thèse, nos activités entomologiques hospitalières ont permis la description de cas entomologiques originaux.Cette thèse a fait l'objet d'une bourse CIFRE financée par les Laboratoires VIRBAC. / Bloodsucking insects have an impact on the human and animal health particularly for the risk of pathogens transmission and the nuisance caused by their bite. To have knowledge on these insects can help and apply to prevent, manage or treat the diseases. In this thesis, we mainly focused on two insects: bedbugs and sandflies.- For bedbug, a literature review was carried out to classify the published data demonstrating preferred bedbug colony conditions. We showed that physical factors (temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod), and physiological factors (type, frequency of blood meals) play important roles in the laboratory colonies. A huge number of Cimex lectularius species was sampled from infested regions to study the spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs in France and to evaluate the symbiotic flora including Wolbachia bacteria.- For sandfly, Phlebotomus perniciosus species was colonized for experimental infections by Leishmania infantum using murine model and artificial feeder. A local sandfly sampling was carried out in the rural regions of Nice city and were served in a study targeting the genetic population structure of Phlebotomus ariasi. Moreover, a historical study was conducted on the classification, evolution and dispersion of Leishmania parasites, sandflies and animals reservoirs.- A new identification method of bloodsucking Diptera was invented (submitted patent).- Thanks to the hospital-entomological activities, an original case report of phthiriasis on an old person was reported.- During this thesis with a scholarship CIFRE funded by Virbac Laboratories, I succeeded tosubmit and publish 7 articles and 1 patent.

No description available.

The overarching question under investigation in this thesis is the extent to which the ideals of penal management as espoused by both British and Colonial authorities were implemented in the day to day administration and management of a convict work force. The focus of the examination is the construction of Major Thomas Mitchell’s line of road between Mt. Victoria and Bathurst in the 1830’s. Specifically the thesis documents the various sites on the line of road with a particular emphasis on the administrative centre and principal facility, No. 2 Stockade Cox’s River, to explain the dynamic interaction of the network and its role in the penal repertoire of New South Wales. In bringing together a large range of sources the thesis has enabled the first thorough reading of the convict sites associated with the Western road. This has led to a multi-dimensional understanding of the place, its people, and the process of its construction. It provides a basis for future scholarship on this neglected network, located almost at the doorstep of greater Sydney, on the western fringe of the Blue Mountains. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Utilisée à la fois pour l'apprentissage et l'exploitation des vecteurs conceptuels, l'analyse sémantique de texte est centrale à nos recherches. L'amélioration qualitative du processus d'analyse entraîne celle des vecteurs. En retour, cette meilleure pertinence a un effet positif sur l'analyse. Parmi les différentes voies à explorer pour obtenir ce cercle vertueux, l'une des pistes les plus intéressantes semble être la découverte puis l'exploitation des relations lexicales entre les mots du texte. Ces relations, parmi lesquelles la synonymie, l'antonymie, l'hyperonymie, la bonification ou l'intensification, sont modélisables sous la forme de fonctions lexicales. Énoncées essentiellement dans un cadre de production par Igor Mel'čuk, nous cherchons, dans cette thèse, à les adapter à un cadre d'analyse. Nous introduisons ici deux classes de Fonctions Lexicales d'Analyse. Les premières, les FLA de construction permettent de fabriquer un vecteur conceptuel à partir des informations lexicales disponibles. Les secondes, les FLA d'évaluation permettent de mesurer la pertinence d'une relation lexicale entre plusieurs termes. Ces dernières sont modélisables grâce à des informations thématiques (vecteurs conceptuels) et/ou grâce à des informations lexicales (relations symboliques entre les objets lexicaux).<br /><br />Les informations lexicales sont issues de la base lexicale sémantique dont nous introduisons l'architecture à trois niveaux d'objets lexicaux (item lexical, acception, lexie). Elles sont matérialisées sous la forme de Relations Lexicales Valuées qui traduisent la probabilité d'existence de la relation entre les objets. L'utilité de ces relations a pu être mis en évidence pour l'analyse sémantique grâce à l'utilisation du paradigme des algorithmes à fourmis. Le modèle introduit dans cette thèse, utilise à la fois les vecteurs conceptuels et les relations du réseau lexical pour résoudre une partie des problèmes posés lors d'une analyse sémantique.<br /><br />Tous nos outils ont été implémentés en Java. Ils reposent sur Blexisma (Base LEXIcale Sémantique Multi-Agent) une architecture multi-agent élaborée au cours de cette thèse dont l'objectif est d'intégrer tout élément lui permettant de créer, d'améliorer et d'exploiter une ou plusieurs Bases Lexicales Sémantiques. Les expériences menées ont montré la faisabilité de cette approche, sa pertinence en termes d'amélioration globale de l'analyse et ouvert des perspectives de recherches fort intéressantes.