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This thesis aims to apply an abstract method of design concerned with the integration of Islamic texts and building. This method was applied to a mosque floating on the water in the city of Jeddah, where the spaces were formed in a manner that was inspired by Islamic religious texts. The result is a sacred experience that can be felt through the evocation of texts within the architectural space. / Master of Architecture / The profound significance of geometric patterns in our universe and their presence in various aspects of human culture cannot be overlooked. From Kepler's exploration of planetary distances to the religious symbolism found in squares, circles, and triangles, geometry speaks a universal language that resonates across time and civilizations. The Islamic faith exemplifies this connection through the veneration of the Kaaba, a sacred structure embodying a perfect cubic shape. The circular motion of Muslims around the Kaaba unifies them in their devotion and harmonizes with the natural order. The mosque, designed with meticulous attention to detail, amplifies the spiritual experience of worshippers. The sound of hurried footsteps on the wooden path signifies Their enthusiasm to meet God, , while the carefully positioned skylight symbolizes the pursuit of righteousness. Additionally, the thoughtful arrangement of the entryway from darkness to light and the strategic placement of the chair to stimulate the right side of the brain contribute to an environment that nurtures creativity and emotional connection. Ultimately, the interplay between geometric patterns, spirituality, and architecture showcases the deep-rooted human yearning for unity, transcendence, and the divine.

Light-matter interactions are essential for the development of many modern technologies and for fundamental science. Hence, many recent efforts have focused on understanding light-matter interaction in exotic classes of materials, particularly in subwavelength (nanometre scale) regimes. This Master's thesis focuses on two different types of materials whose interaction length is typically in the nanoscale. First, we studied and observed the energy transfer between two ultrashort beam pulses in the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) spectral range of a material, classified where the real part of the material's electric permittivity has a magnitude much less than 1. Typically, such energy transfer in ordinary materials (such as fused silica) requires different wavelengths of both beams interacting in the material. However, ENZ materials have an unprecedentedly high optical nonlinearity, leading to self-manifesting energy transfer. This self-manifesting effect occurs in ENZ material due to the effective frequency shift known as adiabatic frequency conversion (AFC) caused by a significant change of refractive index from its large optical nonlinearity. Second, we studied a class of materials known as metasurfaces, which are built from an array of artificial engineered nano-antennas. Metasurfaces can enable custom wavefront control or the engineering of coupling to designated surface modes, which is not possible for naturally occurring optical surfaces. In this thesis, we developed a design scheme for constructing a metasurface that generates multiple lattice resonances at desired wavelengths. Such a design scheme is possible because we arranged the nano-antennas using Fourier analysis. This flexible scheme produces a metasurface design directly from the desired distribution of resonances.

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