Neogene land-mammal localities are very rare in the northeastern U.S.; therefore, the late Miocene/early Pliocene Gray Fossil Site in eastern Tennessee can clarify paleoecological dynamics during a time of dramatic global change. In particular, the identification of ancient forests and past climate regimes will better our understanding of the environmental context of mammalian evolution during the late Cenozoic. Stable isotope analyses of bulk and serial samples of fossil tooth enamel from all ungulates present at the Gray site elucidate paleoecological reconstructions. The herbivorous megafauna include taxa of likely North American and Eurasian ancestry including: the tapir Tapirus polkensis, rhino Teleoceras cf. T. hicksi, camel cf. Megatylopus sp., peccary Tayassuidae, and proboscidean Gomphotheriidae. The tapir, rhino, camel, and peccary yield mean stable carbon isotope (δ13C) tooth enamel values of - 13.0‰, - 13.3‰, - 13.8‰, and - 13.1‰, respectively, suggesting forest-dwelling browsers. This range of δ13C values indicates the presence of a C3 dominated ancient local flora. Because δ13C values decline with increasing canopy density, the ancient temperate forests from the Gray site were moderately dense. The lack of significant C4 plant consumption (i.e., tooth enamel δ13C values < - 9‰) suggests the presence of forests large enough to independently support the continued browsing of sustainable populations of browsers from the Gray site. In contrast, bulk and serial δ13C values ranging from - 0.7‰ to 0.3‰ from a gomphothere tusk support a diet consisting of C4 grasses, suggesting the presence of C4 grasslands within the individuals home range. The rare earth element (REE) analyses of the gomphothere tusk and the teeth of Tapirus and Teleoceras indicates that these individuals shared similar depositional environments; thus, demonstrating the concurrent presence of C3 forests and C4 grasslands in the northeast. Stable carbon and oxygen serial sample variation of the tapir, rhino, peccary, and gomphothere is less than 1.5‰, suggesting minor differences in seasonal temperature and/or precipitation. These data support the possibility of a North American forest refugium in the southern Appalachians during a time typified by more open environments.

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1209/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1210/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1211/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1212/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1213/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1214/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1215/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1216/thumbnail.jpg

Twenty sheets total. Sheet one includes a street and building index. Scale: 1 inch = 50 feet / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1217/thumbnail.jpg