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The objective of this work is to characterize and understand structure- mechanical property relationships in (meth)acrylate networks. The networks are synthesized from mono-functional (meth)acrylates with systematically varying sidegroup structure and multi-functional crosslinkers with varying mole fraction and functionality. Fundamental trends are established between the network chemical structure, crosslink density, glass transition temperature, rubbery modulus, failure strain, and toughness. The glass transition temperature of the networks ranged from -29 to 112 °C, and the rubbery modulus ranged from 2.8 to 129.5 MPa. At low crosslink density (Er < 10 MPa) network chemistry has a profound effect on network toughness. At high crosslink densities (Er > 10 MPa), network chemistry has little influence on material toughness. The characteristic ratio of the mono-functional (meth)acrylates components is unable to predict trends in thermoset toughness as a function of chemical structure, as is accomplished for thermoplastics. The cohesive energy density is a better tool for prediction of network mechanical properties. Due to superior mechanical properties, networks with phenyl ring sidegroups are further investigated to understand the effect of phenyl ring distance on toughness. This work provides a fundamental basis for designing (meth)acrylate shape memory polymer networks with specific failure strain, toughness, glass transition temperature, and rubbery modulus.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009 / Department of Materials Science and Engineering Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

In the concrete might occur cracks, due to the combination of residual stresses, cure or hydration, fluency effects, retraction and temperature effect. The objetive of incorporating steel fibers to concrete is to control the micro-cracking during aplication of loads and also improve the mechanical and residual resistance to fracturing properties . The toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete is a fundamental property to control cracking and is determinated by flexural bending test of prismatic beams. The advantages to use SFRC in the civil construction are: better cavitation resistance, improves the strength impact plus the shock thermal and increase the ductility by delaying the crack propagation in the concrete structural elements that is subjected to the tension or tension by flexural. This study, examines experimentally the mechanicals behavior of prismatic specimens of SFRC s toughness, according to the international recommendations of ASTM C1609 (2010), EN 14651 (2007) e JSCE-SF4 (1984). On next phase, the research sought to evaluate the influence of compressive strength and the fiber rate s behavior. The experimental program consisted in two matrices of 30 MPa and 40 MPa with two dosages of fibers corresponding to 60 kg/m³ and 30 kg/m³ (0,77 % and 0,38 % in volume) formed four composite of fibers. 64 prismatic specimens were cast to evaluate the tenacity and 132 cylindrical specimens to characterize the SFRC through the compression tests, modulus of elasticity and tensile by diametric compression (Brazilian test). In relation to the method of tests, the result shows that the increasing toughness of SFRC was higher when the fiber content increased the composite compared to the change in compressive strength. The EN 14651 that uses notched specimens, it is interesting method to determine the toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete, because the method obtained lower coefficient of variation for toughness values and the crack it always propagates in the plane of the notch. / No concreto, a fissuração poder ocorrer devido à combinação das tensões residuais em razão da cura ou hidratação, efeitos de fluência, retração e efeito da temperatura. O objetivo de incorporar as fibras de aço ao concreto é controlar a microfissuração durante o carregamento e também melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e de resistências residuais ao fraturamento. A tenacidade do concreto reforçado com fibras de aço (CRFA) é uma propriedade fundamental para controle de fissuração e é determinada com o ensaio de tenacidade à flexão de vigas prismáticas. As vantagens de se utilizar o CRFA na construção civil são: maior resistência à cavitação, melhoria da resistência ao impacto e ao choque térmico e aumento da ductilidade por atrasar a propagação da fissura nos elementos estruturais do concreto submetido à tração ou à tração na flexão. Este estudo analisa os resultados da tenacidade do CRFA, obtidos experimentalmente em corpos de prova prismáticos conforme as recomendações internacionais da ASTM C1609 (2010), EN 14651 (2007) e JSCE-SF4 (1984). Em segundo momento buscou-se avaliar a influência da resistência à compressão e o teor de fibra neste comportamento. O programa experimental consistiu em duas matrizes com fck de 30 MPa e 40 MPa e duas dosagens de fibras correspondente a 60 kg/m³ e 30 kg/m³ (0,77% e 0,38% em volume), formando quatro compósitos. Foram moldados 64 corpos de prova prismáticos para avaliar a medida de tenacidade e 132 corpos de prova cilíndricos para caracterizar o CRFA através dos ensaios de compressão, módulo de elasticidade e tração por compressão diametral. Em relação aos métodos de ensaio, os resultados indicam que o aumento de tenacidade do CRFA foi maior quando se aumentou o teor de fibra no compósito, se comparado à alteração na resistência à compressão. O método EN 14651, que utiliza corpos de prova com entalhe, é um método interessante para determinação da tenacidade de concreto reforçado com fibras de aço, pois o método obteve menor coeficiente de variação dos valores de tenacidade e a fissura sempre se propaga no plano do entalhe. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Any composite material is made up from two or more materials and therefore contains interfaces, which usually represent planes of weakness. Interfacial fractures are effectively constrained to propagate along these interfaces as mixed-mode fractures with all three opening, shearing and tearing actions (i.e. mode I, mode II and mode III), instead of kinking to maintain pure-mode-I conditions at the advancing crack front, as would typically happen in an isotropic material. This is significant because mixed-mode fracture toughness is load-dependent and not a purely intrinsic material property (although clearly the pure mode fracture toughnesses are indeed intrinsic material properties that can be determined experimentally). Therefore, in order to know the fracture toughness under general loading conditions, it is necessary to know both the interface failure criterion (that describes the fracture toughness as a function of the mode mixity), and the mode mixity of the crack under the specified loading conditions. This is a complex problem that has occupied researchers in the fracture mechanics community for decades. Consequently, the literature contains a large number of different mixed-mode partition theories. This work appears to show that, of all the partition theories assessed, Wang and Harvey s (2012a) Euler beam partition theory is able to most accurately predict the fracture toughness of a mixed-mode delamination in a fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminate. This statement is based on the outcomes of three separate studies: The first study uses data reported in the literature from a thorough programme of mixed-mode fracture testing of unidirectional and multi-directional laminates. The Euler beam partition theory is able to accurately predict the fracture toughness in all cases. Furthermore, the Euler beam partition theory, which is completely analytical, closely agrees over a large domain with Davidson et al. s (2000) independently-derived non-singular field partition theory, which was derived with the aid of experimental test results. In general, the singular-field approach based on 2D elasticity and the finite element method give poor predictions. In the second study, an original programme of mixed-mode fracture testing is carried out, which incorporates several novel aspects including new test apparatus and a methodology for testing with a wide range of applied pure bending moments. Eighty five fracture tests are performed on unidirectional glass/epoxy laminates to determine the initiation and propagation fracture toughnesses. Although the second study was inconclusive with respect to the correctness of any particular partition theory, the development of the test apparatus and test methodology are considered to be major contributions that will be useful for both design engineers and academic researchers, not only working with fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminates, but also working with other composite materials containing interfacial cracks. The third study uses digital image correlation to investigate the near-crack tip strain fields of mixed-mode delaminations to try to discover the underlying mechanics that govern the selection of a mixed-mode partition theory. The new testing apparatus is used again, and another novel testing methodology is developed. The work appears to confirm (with some caveats) that two sets of pure modes exist, that is, two pure mode I modes, and two pure mode II modes, with their numerical values roughly corresponding to those from Wang and Harvey s (2012a) Euler beam partition theory. It should be noted that, as far as the author s knowledge is concerned, Euler beam partition theory is the only one in the literature to predict the existence of two sets of pure modes. Although this work set out to conclusively determine which mixed-mode partition theory is able to most accurately predict the fracture toughness of a mixed-mode delamination in a fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminate, and also, to discover why, the outcomes cannot truly be called conclusions . Rather, they only offer strong support for Wang and Harvey s (2012a) Euler beam partition theory for predicting the fracture toughness fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminates against delamination. Despite this, the work makes major contributions that will be useful for both design engineers and academic researchers in the field, as described in the above.

The investigation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material from the decommissioned Greifswald nuclear power plant representing the first generation of Russian-type WWER-440/V-230 reactors offers the opportunity to evaluate the real toughness response. The Greifswald RPVs of 4 units represent different material conditions as follows: • Irradiated (Unit 4), • irradiated and recovery annealed (Units 2 and 3), and • irradiated, recovery annealed and re-irradiated (Unit1). The recovery annealing of the RPV was performed at a temperature of 475° for about 152 hours and included a region covering ±0.70 m above and below the core beltline welding seam. Material samples of a diameter of 119 mm called trepans were extracted from the RPV walls. The research program is focused on the characterisation of the RPV steels (base and weld metal) across the thickness of the RPV wall. This report presents test results measured on the trepans from the beltline welding seam No. SN0.1.4. and forged base metal ring No. 0.3.1. of the Units 1 2 and 4 RPVs. The key part of the testing is focussed on the determination of the reference temperature T0 of the Master Curve (MC) approach following the ASTM standard E1921 to determine the facture toughness, and how it degrades under neutron irradiation and is recovered by thermal annealing. Other than that the mentioned test results include Charpy-V and tensile test results. Following results have been determined: • The mitigation of the neutron embrittlement of the weld and base metal by recovery annealing could be confirmed. • KJc values of the weld metals generally followed the course of the MC though with a large scatter. • There was a large variation in the T0 values evaluated across the thickness of the multilayered welding seams. • The T0 measured on T-S oriented SE(B) specimens from different thickness locations of the welding seams strongly depended on the intrinsic structure along the crack front. • The reference temperature RT0 determined according to the “Unified Procedure for Lifetime Assessment of Components and Piping in WWER NPPs - VERLIFE” and the fracture toughness lower bound curve based thereon are applicable on the investigated weld metals. • A strong scatter of the fracture toughness KJc values of the recovery annealed and re-irradiated and the irradiated base metal of Unit 1 and 4, respectively is observed with clearly more than 2% of the values below the MC for 2% fracture probability. The application of the multimodal MC-based approach was more suitable and described the temperature dependence of the KJc values in a satisfactory manner. • It was demonstrated that T0 evaluated according to the SINTAP MC extension represented the brittle fraction of the data sets and is therefore suitable for the nonhomogeneous base metal. • The efficiency of the large-scale thermal annealing of the Greifswald WWER 440/V230 Unit 1 and 2 RPVs could be confirmed.

[pt] Este trabalho de tese faz parte de um estudo de desenvolvimento de aço API X80 e o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento estável de uma trinca superficial localizada na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) da junta longitudinal obtida pelo processo de arco submerso. Foram estudados dois aços API 5L X80 pertencentes aos sistemas NbCr e NbCrMo. Considerando que dutos operam sob altas pressões, gerando um estado de tensão severo sob um defeito ou trinca presente no material pode ocorrer falha da estrutura. Deste modo, torna-se necessário estudar a natureza destas trincas e o potencial de crescimento, permitindo assim controlar e prever o crescimento estável da trinca. Para avaliar o comportamento da trinca, foi utilizada a metodologia de integral J. Esta metodologia objetiva avaliar e prever o comportamento à fratura. Os resultados esperados no ensaio de integral J é a obtenção da curva de resistência J-R e o valor do JIc, que representa o valor de J no início do crescimento estável de trinca. / [en] This work of thesis is part of a study of steel development API X80 and the objective of this work was to evaluate superficial the steady growth of one crack located in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of together the longitudinal one gotten by the process of submerged arc. Two pertaining steel API had been studied 5L X80 to the systems NbCr and NbCrMo. Considering that pipes operate under high pressures, generating a severe state of tension under a present defect or crack in the material imperfection of the structure can occur. In this way, one becomes necessary to study the nature of these cracks and the potential of growth, being thus allowed to control and to foresee the steady growth of crack. To evaluate the behavior of crack, the methodology of integral J was used. This objective methodology to evaluate and to foresee the behavior to the breaking. The results waited in the assay of integral J are the attainment of the curve of resistance J-R and the value of the JIc, which represents the value of J in the beginning of the steady growth of crack.

Com a consolidação e difusão da tecnologia do concreto armado, empregada em construções das mais variadas naturezas, o desempenho das obras passou a depender diretamente da qualidade e propriedade dos seus materiais integrantes, o que gerou a necessidade e justificou os esforços envolvidos na avaliação de suas características e na melhoria de sua capacidade. A necessidade de compensar a nítida deficiência que o concreto apresenta com seu comportamento frágil e na sua baixa capacidade de deformação é a principal razão pela qual foi indispensável à incorporação de reforços. No entanto, as convencionais armaduras principais são incapazes de controlar a fissuração localizada, o que pode comprometer a durabilidade do material. Portanto, o desafio atual consiste em melhorar seu desempenho a tração de forma a distribuir essa capacidade resistente por todo o material, ao longo de todas as suas fases. Uma das soluções mais aventadas e promissoras de melhorar o desempenho deficiente à tração consiste na adição de fibras, misturadas ainda no estado fresco, com uma distribuição aleatória ao longo do volume, possibilitando a obtenção de um compósito com propriedades mais isotrópicas, bem como a promoção de efeitos positivos, a exemplo do ganho de resistência à ruptura, redução das deformações, o controle do processo de fissuração em diferentes níveis de tamanho (micro, meso e macro) em distintas zonas do concreto e, consequentemente, o aumento da durabilidade da estrutura. Dada a importância do tema e as possibilidades de melhoria levantadas, essa pesquisa visa colaborar com estudos envolvendo diferentes tipos de fibras no concreto e os diversos papéis que elas podem exercer. Contribuir nessa ideia de consorciar fibras com distintas características - misturas híbridas - é a principal motivação do presente trabalho, que tem como objetivo, explorar as proporções e combinações de fibras e entender como afetam as propriedades do compósito resultante, visando obter o desempenho mais adequado tanto antes quanto após a fissuração. Deste modo, o caráter inovador e o interesse associado a esse estudo estão diretamente ligados à realização de um programa experimental, para a geração de modelos de comportamento confiáveis, visando à previsão de caracterização mecânica e estabelecimento de parâmetros de seleção de fibras, bem como a futura implementação de leis constitutivas em simulações numéricas. Os resultados obedecem ao procedimento cuja metodologia prevê a investigação de combinações binárias e terciárias de fibras de aço, de polipropileno e carbono - com teores totais investigados de 0,6%, 0,8% e 1,15% de volume com relação ao concreto - comparando o desempenho dos compósitos resultantes, em relação ao concreto simples cuja resistência à compressão nominal (fc28) é de 25 MPa. Nas análises foram avaliadas as particularidades das misturas no estado fresco e, para o estado endurecido, as prescrições das normas ABNT NBR 5739:1994, ABNT NBR 7222:1994, JSCE SF4 (1984) e RILEM TC 162 TDF. Por fim foi efetuada uma análise da habilidade dos modelos propostos em reproduzir os valores experimentais, com vistas à consideração do efeito da hibridização das fibras na mistura e os resultados mostraram que a efetiva participação das fibras metálicas e prudente combinação com as fibras sintéticas contribuem positivamente no desempenho do CRF, onde o ganho na resistência à flexão pode assumir valores, aproximadamente, na faixa de 50 a 90%, dependendo do teor total de fibras e a combinação entre elas, sem que haja a ocorrência de problemas no processo de produção. / With the consolidation and dissemination of reinforced concrete technology, used in the most varied nature’s buildings, the performance of works came to depend directly on the quality and property of the used materials, which made it necessary and justified the involved efforts in assessing their features and in the improvement of its capacity. The need to compensate the clear deficiency that the concrete has with its brittle behavior and its low deformation capacity is the main reason why it was indispensable to incorporate reinforcements.However, the conventional main reinforcement were unable to control localized cracking, which may impair material durability. Therefore, the current challenge is to improve their performance traction to distribute the load capacity throughout the material, through all its phases. One of the most suggested and promising solutions to improve the poor tensile performance consists in the addition of fibers mixed into it still fresh, with a random distribution throughout the volume, making it possible to obtain a composite having more isotropic properties, as well as promoting positive effects, such as the gain resistance to breakage, reduced deformation, the control of the cracking process in different size levels (micro, meso and macro) in different zones of the concrete and, consequently, increase the durability of the structure. Given the importance of the topic and the possibilities for improvement raised, this research attempts to cooperate with studies involving different types of fibers in the concrete and the various roles it can play. Contribute to the idea of consorting fibers with different characteristics -hybrid mixtures -is the main motivation of this work, which aims to explore the proportions and fiber combinations and understand how they affect the properties of the resulting composite in order to obtain the most appropriate performance before or after cracking. Thus, the innovative nature and interest associated with this study is linked directly to the implementation of an experimental program to generate reliable role models, aiming to predict the mechanical characterization and establishment of fiber selection parameters and the future implementation of constitutive laws in numerical simulations. The results comply with the methodology procedure for the research of binary and tertiary combinations of steel fibers, polypropylene and carbon - investigated with total concentration of 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.15% volume with respect to the concrete - comparing the performance of the resulting composite relative to plain concrete whose compression at the nominal resistance (fc28) is 25 MPa. In the analysis we evaluated the characteristics of the mixtures in the fresh state and, to the hardened state, the required standards ABNT NBR 5739:1994, ABNT NBR 7222:1994, JSCE SF4 (1984) e RILEM TC 162 TDF. Finally an analysis was made of the ability of the proposed models to reproduce the experimental values with a view to the consideration of the effect of hybridization of the fibers in the mix and the results showed that the effective participation of metallic fibers and prudent combination with synthetic fibers contribute positively in performance of CRF, where the gain on the flexural strength can assume values approximately in the range of 50 to 90% depending on the total fiber content and the combination of them, without the occurrence of problems in the production process.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência da temperatura de revenimento na tenacidade à fratura dinâmica e na tenacidade à fratura assistida pelo ambiente de um aço inoxidável martensítico AISI 420. Para realização do tratamento térmico de revenimento as temperaturas de 380 e 540ºC foram selecionadas, sendo que esta última situa-se dentro da faixa de fragilização ao revenido desse material. Todos os ensaios reproduzidos neste trabalho foram realizados à temperatura ambiente utilizando corpos de prova da mecânica da fratura do tipo SE(B). As análises dos resultados obtidos mostraram uma grande susceptibilidade desse aço à fragilização ao revenido, inclusive com a mudança dos micromecanismos de fratura envolvidos no processo de falha, quando exposto ao ambiente de água do mar sintética sob proteção catódica de - 1100mVECS e a condições dinâmicas de carregamento, onde observou-se, respectivamente, uma redução na ordem de 60% e 30% do valor de tenacidade à fratura do material. / This study aimed to analyze the influence of tempering temperature on dynamic toughness and environment toughness of a stainless steel AISI 420. To carry out this study the tempering temperatures of 380 and 540ºC were selected, with the last one being within the range of the embrittlement of this material. All tests reproduced in this work were performed at room temperature on specimens of the mechanical fracture SE (B). The analysis of the obtained results showed a great susceptibility of this steel to the tempering embrittlement, with the change of fracture micromechanisms involved in the failure process, when exposed to the environment of synthetic sea water under cathodic protection of -1100mVECS and to dynamic conditions of loading, where a reduction in the order of 60% and 30% of the fracture toughness value of the material was observed, respectively.

Nas últimas décadas a soldagem em estado sólido vem demonstrando ser uma ótima alternativa frente aos métodos convencionais de união mais utilizados na indústria, dos quais a grande maioria consiste na soldagem por fusão dos materiais. O presente trabalho consiste na utilização do processo denominado como soldagem por fricção com pino consumível (Friction Hydro Pillar Processing – FHPP). Este trabalho visou avaliar a aplicação do processo FHPP em um aço utilizado para a fabricação de componentes de amarras de uso offshore, para esses aços o surgimento de defeitos durante operação ou fabricação trazem elevados custos operacionais, o reparo por soldagem a arco é não recomendado por normas técnicas devido às propriedades destes materiais e as condições de operação dos componentes produzidos com os mesmos. Esta avaliação se deu através da análise dos melhores parâmetros de processo (força axial, velocidade de rotação, consumo do pino e geometria de pinos e furos usinados) visando juntas soldadas livres de defeitos, avaliadas através de análises macrográficas, análises micrográficas e perfis de microdureza que por sua vez foram realizados visando a melhor caracterização das regiões que compõem a junta soldada Por fim, para a avaliação da tenacidade das juntas soldadas, ensaios de impacto Charpy e tenacidade à fratura (CTOD), seguidos de análises fractográficas em lupa e MEV (microscópio eletrônico de varredura), foram realizados com base em recomendações normativas visando uma avaliação precisa da tenacidade da região de união dos materiais soldados. As juntas soldadas apresentaram valores de CTOD de aproximadamente 40% dos valores obtidos em corpos de prova extraídos do material base. O desempenho das juntas soldadas nos ensaios de tenacidade foi claramente prejudicado pela presença de inclusões, observadas ainda no material base, que acabaram por concentrar-se nas interfaces de união das soldas devido às características do processo FHPP. / In the last few years the solid state welding has been a great alternative compared to the most common processes used in industry, which usually consists in fusion of the employed materials. The present study wants to evaluate the application of Friction Hydro-Pillar Processing (FHPP). This work aims to analyze the application of FHPP in steel used to manufacturing offshore mooring components where the incidence of defects during the operation and manufacturing result in elevated operational costs. In addition the repair of these components is not recommended by technical stand arts duo to properties of materials and operational conditions of components. The analyses was carried out by the optimization of process parameters (axial force, rotational speed, rod burn off, geometry of rod and machined hole) aiming, in the first step, free defects and sufficient heat input welded joints through analyses of macrographs. A subsequently detailed analysis of micrographs and micro hardness profile was made aiming a better characterization of all welding regions. Finally, Charpy impact tests and Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) tests were carried out, to toughness evaluation of welding joints Followed by fractography in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was made based in recommended technical standards aiming more accurate about the toughness in bonding line regions of welded joints. The welded joints presented a CTOD tests result that where about 40% of the values obtained for the base material. The specimen performance in toughness tests was clearly adversely affected by the presence of inclusions in the bonding lines. Observed in material base during the first analyses, these inclusions have been found in large quantity on bonding lines of welds because a characteristic of FHPP to concentrate it in this region.