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- The concept and types of bill of exchange The topic of this thesis is "The concept and types of bill of exchange". The reason for choosing this topic has been my interest in bill of exchange law, which was awaken by my own experience with a bill of exchange on one hand and by the gripping seminars of subject called "Bills of Exchanges", which is taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Charles University in Prague, on the other hand. The aim of the thesis is to characterize the bill of exchange and promissory note, to define their basic characteristics, to explain, what kind of them exist and to analyze their basic requirements. The thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter discusses the history of bill of exchange and promissory note. It is divided into three sections that deal with the origin and both national and international development of bill of exchange law. The second chapter is devoted to the current legislation of bill of exchange law. It introduces the sources of bill of exchange law and relations between them and the most specific characteristics of the bill of exchange law, which is rigor cambialis. The third chapter, which consists of three sections, defines the concept of bill of exchange and promissory note, provides a list of their features and the most...

ABSTRACTABSTRACT Commodity transactions and commodity exchanges in the Czech Republic The object of this thesis is trading commodities on the organised markets in the Czech republic. The diploma thesis is divided into three chapters. The first concentrates on the characteristics of basic terms such as exchange with its historic development and functions, commodity as the subject of exchange trades and organised commodity market. The second chapter describes briefly main types of exchange trades and principles of trading with the futures and options contracts on the future exchange. The third chapter is divided into three parts. The first deals with the legal aspects of commodity exchanges in the Czech republic including the outline of legislation existing in different periods of the czech history. Second concentrates on current commodity exchanges, its basic characteristics and trading mechanisms. The last represents the complex evaluation of the current state of the commodity exchange from the legal and economic point of view and the outline of its perspectives in following years. Commodity exchanges or organised commodity markets are significant segments of market economy and influence economic growth of single countries as well as world economy. In developped countries commodity trading reached such form...

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After the signing of the Cultural Exchange Agreement in 1958, exhibitions of culture and technology were exchanged between the Soviet Union and the United States. These exhibitions continued to be exchanged well into the 1980s. This paper focuses on comment books from seven of these cultural exchange exhibitions, five in the Soviet Union and two in Eastern Europe, in the years between 1961 and 1976. The public nature of the comment books and the way they were treated by visitors made them a space for expressions of popular opinions over the issues of public policy and ideology. As such, they provide contemporary historians with a unique glimpse into the mindset of ordinary Soviet and Eastern European citizens during the Cold War. Based on the evidence from the comment books, and using methods elaborated by cultural anthropologists, this study shows that challenged by the display of apparent American superiority, most Soviet visitors preferred to fall back on the official ideology which claimed the moral superiority of their system. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Soviet citizens experienced an upswing in communist morale, expressed a desire to compete with America and a conviction that their system will ultimately prevail over capitalism. However, to what extent such declarations should be accepted at their face value as sincere expressions of Soviet citizens‟ deep-seated convictions and to what extent they should be seen as situational responses to the perceived humiliation at the hands of foreigners remains unclear. While most Soviet visitors were defensive, invested in their ideology, and competitive with America, their reactions were not monolithic. Some of them were clearly fascinated by American consumer products and expressed an envious yearning to get possession of them, iv others stressed their openness to cultural exchange. There were apparently sincere expressions of support to the policy of détente, and of outrage over the Vietnam War. The Soviet visitors were aware of the unrest in American society caused by the civil rights movement, but were uninformed of the profound changes effected by this movement. Members of non-Russian minorities were interested in American ethnic diversity and sometimes implied their dislike of Moscow treatment of non-Russian nationalities. Eastern Europeans were less defensive and more open to American society and culture than the Soviets. Still, some of them also expressed procommunist sentiments and national pride. There was one issue, however, on which the Soviets and Eastern were clearly more in tune with American popular culture than with their own governments: consumerism and the sentiment of entitlement to the high quality goods that Americans had access to while they did not. It was on this issue that the eastern bloc regimes were facing the greatest threat.

Lam, Lai Fong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-50). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / CHAPTER / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 / Chapter III --- THE EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES OF THE FOUR NIES --- p.10 / Review of the Exchange Rate Regimes of the Four NIEs / Frankel-Wei Regression / Chapter IV --- METHODOLOGY --- p.19 / Measurement of the Monetary Independence / Specification of Model / Chapter V --- EMPIRICAL RESULTS --- p.2? / Unit Root Test / The Endogeneity Test / Cointegration Test and Error Correction Model / Chapter VI --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.37 / APPENDICES --- p.41 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.47 / TABLES --- p.51 / FIGURES --- p.59

by Chan Yeung-Ki. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55). / ABSTRACT --- p.1 / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.2 / Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND --- p.3 / Chapter II. --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK --- p.7 / Purchasing Power Parity --- p.7 / Real Exchange Rate --- p.9 / Monetary Approach --- p.12 / Explaining the model --- p.16 / Chapter III. --- APPLICATION --- p.23 / Scenario 1 --- p.39 / Scenario 2 --- p.41 / Chapter IV. --- CONCLUSION --- p.44 / EXHIBIT --- p.47 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.54

Background: As the link between end customers and suppliers, retailers are directly facing the end customers’ demand and meanwhile affected by suppliers’ performance. The integration and recognition of information exchange between a retailer and its supplier is significant for a retailer to operate its business effectively and efficiently. To achieve an effective and efficient retail supply chain, it is necessary to ivestigate and understand in a retailer-supplier interface, what information is given and required by a retailer, what benefits a retailer can obtain from this information exchange as well as what challenges a retailer may face. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate types of information between a retailer and its supplier, and the included benefits and challenges with the information exchange from the retailer’s perspective. Method: This thesis is a descriptive-exploratory study with an abductive approach and a qualitative method. The theoretical framework was built based on relevant previous research and the empirical data was collected from nine semi-structured interviews. A multiple-holistic case study strategy was applied, in which five retail companies were involved. Both theoretical framework and empirical data are strongly connected to the research purpose and research questions. Conclusion: It is clear that there is a great recognition of information exchange between a retailer and its supplier. By analyzing empirical findings, three summary tables regarding the research questions were developed. Some categories are in line with the theoretical framework, while some others were identified from empirical findings. To sum up, eleven types of information, thirteen categories of benefits, and nine categories of challenges with information exchange have been identified from the retailer’s perspective. Future research: The future research can further: 1. Focus on one specific retail sector; 2. Study offline, online retailers separately; 3. Focus on service retailers; 4. Focus on retailers’ inter-organizational communication; 5. Study from the supplier’s perspective; and 6. Develop solutions dealing with the supply chain, or the inter-organizational complexity.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the change in pulmonary ventilation (V_E), ventilatory equivalent of oxygen (VE_O_2) and lactic acid (LA) in relation to oxygen uptake (V_O_2) as predictors of the lactate threshold (LT). Eight healthy male (21.9 ± 3.0 years) subjects conducted three incremental-load tests. In each test the initial work rate consisted of 4 minutes of unloaded pedaling ("0" load) followed by incremental-load work of 360 Kgm • min^-1 at 60 rpm for trial I and trial II, while during trial III the work rate consisted of 540 Kgm • min^-1 of incremental-load work at 90 rpm. Work load was increased every third minute until the subject reached voluntary exhaustion. Blood samples from a forearm vein were collected during trial II (60 rpm) and trial III (90 rpm) and analyzed for lactic acid. In our subjects the measured (x̄ ± SD) lowest VE_O_2 for O_2 in relation to V_O_2 for trial I of 22.9 ± 1.9 occurred at a V_O_2 of 1.27 ± 0.8 L • min^-1. For trial II the VE_O_2 of 22.4 ± 1.3 occurred at a V_O_2 of 1.30 ± 0.09 L • min^-1, while for trial III a VE_O_2 of 24.4 ± 2.5 occurred at a V_O_2 of 1.84 ± 0.15 L • min^-1. The lowest VE_O_2 and onset of LA accumulation as calculated from individual exponential equations relating V_E to V_O_2 yielded V_O_2 values at 1.77 ± 0.18 L • min^-1 and 1.74 ± 0.25 L • min^-1 for trial II, and 1.83 ± 0.19 L • min^-1 and 2.02 ± 0.53 during trial III. Utilizing ln[LA]-ln V_O_2 equations, the LT occurred at a V_O_2 of 1.30 ± 0.07 L • min^-1 during trial II and 1.85 ± 0.12 L • min^-1 during trial III. It was concluded that during the 60 rpm test that the lactate threshold was best predicted by measured lowest VE_O_2 and the plot of the In[LA] to In V_O_2 relationship. The methods used in this study provide a valid and reliable estimate of the lactate threshold and support the use of measured lowest VE_O_2 , a respiratory gas exchange measure, as an indirect measure of the lactate threshold.

This master thesis discusses the field of foreign exchange risk management and assesses efficiency of this type of risk management within FFastFill plc. The thesis contains two major parts. The first part, which contains the first and the second chapter, focuses on theoretical characteristics of foreign exchange market and sequentially defines the terms of foreign exchange exposure and foreign exchange risk. This part of thesis discusses hedging strategies and matters that are related to the selection of optimal hedging strategy. The second part of thesis contains the third and the fourth chapter. This part analyses the company from various perspectives and consequently analyses and quantifies the magnitude of company's translation and transaction exposure. The aim of this analysis is to assess company's current hedging strategy and to propose the optimal hedging strategy.