Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 469-497).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Extensive areas of Eucalyptus plantations are being established in the "cerrado" region of Brazil for both pulp and charcoal production. These plantations are being managed intensively using short rotations and high stand density. Because the soils of the area are very infertile, there is concern over the sustainability of yields in the absence of repeated fertilization. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of intensive management of these plantations on the P and N status of the "cerrado" soils and the implications thereof for future productivity. Biomass and P and N content of each tree component (including the root system) were determined over age sequences of E. grandis plantations growing on good and poor "cerrado" sites in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The dynamics of P and N were studied by analysing litterfall, forest floor accumulation, decomposition of branches and leaves, and internal cycling due to heartwood formation and the shedding of branches and foliage. The data that were collected permitted both a traditional static inventory assessment and a dynamic assessment of the effects of management on the site nutrient capital. However, because these two approaches are inadequate for the development of long-term sustained yield strategies for the management of these plantations, the thesis work included the development of conceptual models of two important aspects of eucalypt management in the "cerrado": coppice regeneration and phosphorus dynamics in the mineral soil. Studies of coppice sprouting were conducted to provide guidance for the development of the coppice model. By using information on both accumulation and dynamics of biomass and nutrients over age sequences of E. grandis growing on two different "cerrado" sites, the following predictions were obtained. Based on the static approach, the maximum yield over an initial 18 year period was obtained for a 54 month rotation, on both sites. However the use of this method to assess the effects of intensive management on site nutrient status would give misleading results because there is no feedback between changes in nutrient availability and yield. Therefore, a dynamic approach to the assessment was also used. This showed that over an 18 year period harvesting only stems on the good site is likely to cause a reduction in productivity of 48% while whole tree harvesting is likely to result in a reduction of 61%. On the poor site, there is likely to be only a 12% decrease due to whole tree harvesting, while harvesting stems only is unlikely to result in any decrease in yield. If whole tree harvesting is adopted on the good site, fertilizer quantities required to maintain the same level of productivity in the second rotation would be approximately 24 kg/ha of P while the amount required using stem harvesting only would be approximately 15 kg/ha. The amount of P required to produce one unit of biomass on the poor site was less than that required on the good site. In addition, the tree root systems on the poor site contain a greater proportion of total tree P as compared to those on the good site. This reduces the proportion of the total tree P that is removed at harvesting and gives an advantage to sprout growth on the poor site in subsequent rotations. Thus, intensive biomass harvesting on the poor site is expected to have relatively less impact on future site productivity compared to that on the good site. However, the good site can be expected to yield a greater biomass than the poor site. The data on accumulation and dynamics of biomass and P and N proved to be helpful in understanding the effects of intensive forest management on site nutrient status. However, the evaluation of long-term effects is rather complex because of the interaction of several factors when different management conditions are considered. Therefore, computer simulation models are required to evaluate the long-term effects of tree harvesting on site nutrient status. Because the growth strategies of a tree growing from seed are different from that of a tree developing from a stump, and the dynamics of P in mineral soil (the most limiting nutrient for eucalypt growth in the "cerrado" region) differ from that of N, coppice and phosphorus models were developed that could be implemented in the future in ecosystems models used to evaluate long-term effects of intensive management. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

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Elizabeth Bishop's phenomenal rise in the academic canon is due in large part to the way her writings about Brazil correlate with current critical concerns. However, U.S. scholars have relied on an inchoate understanding of Bishop's sociohistorical contexts as she performed complicated and at times contradictory Brazil(s). Using Yi-Fu Tuan's methodology of space and place and James Clifford's dichotomy of routes/roots, I delineate between four discrete Brazil(s) in Bishop's texts. Shifts between these Brazil(s) are predicated on changes in Bishop's relationship with her Brazilian partner, Lota Macedo de Soares. I explore the eleven poems of the "Brazil" section of Questions of Travel and "Crusoe in England," as well as the introductions and translations she worked on contemporaneously. Bishop's tourist poems examine the tension between her expectations of the banana-ized Brazil of the popular Carmen Miranda movies, and the reality that she discovered as she moves from a tourist-voyeur to a rooted expatriate. In her Samambaia poems, she writes from the position of insider/partner about the subaltern public sphere that Lota has created at her farm outside of Rio de Janeiro. The volatility of the Brazilian political situation, which Bishop blamed for the dissolution of her relationship with Lota, led Bishop to define the primitive aspects of Brazil that Lota disdained. Finally, I argue that her translation strategies as she writes about Brazil after Lota's death in 1967 are a nostalgic return to her earliest views of Brazil. / text

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