This study examined the extent to which physiological and psychological concomitants of aerobic terrestrial performance were affected by body cooling of varying degrees induced by cold water immersion (CWI). Thirteen male and 13 female subjects underwent three randomly assigned 30 min treadmill runs: a control run without prior manipulation of the subjects' thermal status and the same exercise after "central" (core temperature 1°C below pre-immersion) and "peripheral" cooling (skin heat loss 100kcal.m⁻².h⁻¹). During treadmill runs core temperature was measured, together with chest, leg, arm and hand temperatures, from which mean skin temperature (T [subscript]s[subscript]k) and mean body temperature (T[subscript]b) were calculated. Heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO₂,), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), minute ventilation (V₂ (BTPS)), breathing frequency (f), cadence and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (PTS) were also measured. Both central and peripheral cooling resulted in significantly reduced T[subscript]r[subscript]e (males : control 37.9±0. 3°C; central cooling : 36.8±0.5°C; peripheral cooling: 37.5±0.4°C; females: control: 37.9±0.4°C; central cooling: 37.2±0.5; p<0.05) during subsequent treadmill running, except following peripheral cooling for females (37.9±0.3°C) . For males and females T[subscript]s[subscript]k was lower following peripheral cooling than control values and lowest after central cooling (males: control: 30.0±1.3°C; central cooling: 36.8±0.5°C; peripheral cooling: 37.5±0.4°C; females: control: 30.5±1.2°C; central cooling: 25.9±1.8°C; peripheral cooling: 26.9±1.9°C; p<0.05). Female subjects experienced significantly higher T[subscript]r[subscript]e than males following central and peripheral cooling and a lower T[subscript]s[subscript]k following central cooling. Females experienced less of an increase in heart rate than males during exercise following central and peripheral cooling (control: l57.7±23.7b.min⁻¹; central cooling: 143.5±20.5b.min⁻¹; peripheral cooling 151.7±16.7b.min⁻¹; p<0 .05). Male responses were the same following central cooling but higher for peripheral cooling than control values (control: 139.1±7.3b.min⁻¹; central cooling 134.7±17.5b.min⁻¹; peripheral cooling: 145.0±16.4b.min⁻¹; p<0.05). These data indicate a depression in cardiovascular function for females following peripheral cooling that was not apparent for males. The VO₂ was not different between tests for males; only peripheral cooling resulted in a raised VO₂ of 28.6±3 .3ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ (p<0 .05) for females compared to 27.6±2.6ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ (control). A biphasic response was evident for VO₂ VCO₂ and V[subscript]B (BTPS). For both sexes overall RPE was lower for peripheral cooling (males: 9.4±1.9; females: 8.7±1.3; p<0 .05) than for control and central cooling. Central RPE was only changed for females following peripheral cooling. Changes in cadence and step length together with the effect of low skin and leg temperatures resulted in higher local RPE for females after central cooling (9.6±1.2; p<0.05) than control (9.4±1.9) and peripheral cooling (8.9±1.2 ). Males and females rated the same ambient temperature during the same exercise lower after peripheral cooling (males: 4.6±1.5; females : 5.3±1.3) than control values and lower still after central cooling (males: 3. 8±1.8; females: 2 .7±l. 5) In this study T[subscript]s[subscript]k was the primary determinant of PTS after precooling. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

The numerous piano figurations, exercises and experimental ideas that are found throughout the leaves of Beethoven’s sketchbooks remain a largely unexplored area within the field of Beethoven sketch-scholarship. Their existence is commonly known, but the purpose for which they served the composer has not been explored fully. Moreover, there has been little attempt to catalogue these ideas in order to make them more accessible and approachable. This study is divided into two parts. Part one provides the biographical context in which the subsequent analysis of the figurations is based. It presents an assessment of Beethoven as a student, performer and teacher by evaluating contemporary sources and including a discussion on performance anxiety. This evidence is used to demonstrate that Beethoven could be prone to lapses in technique; that he undertook his studies with complete dedication; and that he also created exercises for some of his pupils, which supports the notion that a number of the figurations could have been designed as piano exercises. Part two analyses the figurations, classifying them by type and grouping them into themes related to specific areas of piano technique. The analysis establishes that many of the figurations are highly inventive; that occasionally developments can be traced (in particular the evolution of the ‘Beethoven’ trill); and that in many cases there are parallels with Beethoven’s published works for piano, which proves that a single classification for the figurations is often problematic. The analysis further reveals that a significant number of the figurations were written in 1793 and, in conjunction with the earlier biographical study, strongly suggests that Beethoven’s move to Vienna was a major impetus for their creation. Volume two presents a separate catalogue of the transcribed piano figurations, some of which are previously unknown. Within the catalogue, the figurations are arranged by type to correspond with the categories discussed in the analysis and ordered chronologically to enable them to be examined alongside the accompanying text.

This is a research project based on the author’s experience of more than 20 years as conductor of the Eastern Cape Childrens Choir. It investigates the effectiveness of technical exercises - with special reference to selected “warm-up” exercises - in creating a superior choral tone in the children’s choir. The investigation is motivated by the fact that it is an ongoing challenge to effectively overcome problems with intonation and poor choral tone, problems which are mostly caused by lack of attention to pure vowel formation. Toward this end, a practical “tool box” of vocal exercises for the children’s choir is ultimately proposed. The toolbox is based on one single exercise with different variations. Each variation is designed to address multiple vocal needs and to correct vocal production during singing. In this manner a great many technical aspects are covered with the simplest of means and in the shortest possible time, bearing in mind that the rehearsal session allows limited time to focus on such matters to the exclusion of all else.

This dissertation presents a critical study of voice teaching method as this pertains to the high school learner studying voice within the South African educational environment, with learning outcomes determined for subject music within the GET (General Education and Training) and FET (Further Education and Training) bands of the Department of Basic Education at each school grade level, as well as by external examining bodies such as Unisa (University of South Africa), Trinity Guildhall and ABRSM (Amalgamated Board of the Royal Schools of Music). Emphasis is placed on the methodological principles applicable in the case of the Western classical music solo vocal repertoire, but reference is also made to the applicability of this method in other vocal genres and, in particular, in the case of choral music participation. Special attention is given to the subject of the vocal health of the developing teenage voice, which includes an overview of vocal disorders and suggestions for rehabilitation and remedial programmes where necessary. Triangulation of research results is achieved in this study through inclusion of: - A thorough survey of selected pertinent bibliographic sources - Description of and engagement with the researcher’s own numerous phenomenological encounters in this field - Interviews conducted in Port Elizabeth with Jill Nock, voice teacher, on the subject of voice teaching method, and with John Black, Ear, Nose and Throat Specialist, on the subject of vocal health. The researcher concludes that there is a need for continued education and training of music educators in the South African high school environment, many of whom are not trained voice specialists, in order to cater for the growing number of high school music learners who choose to specialise in voice. Although educator networking can go a long way towards creating an informal support system to address this need, it is ultimately the responsibility of the Department of Basic Education to address this in a formal and all-encompassing fashion.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between training heart rate (THR) and the HR occurring at the Aerobic Threshold (AerTHR), and to examine the AerT as an index of training intensity in selected coronary artery disease (CAD), post-myocardial infarction (MI), and post-coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) patients. Twenty male subjects (age=54.9; wt=73.7 kg; %body fat=25.8) were recruited on the basis of regular participation in a cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP) (3/week at 70 - 85% HRmax) for 6 months; no beta-adrenergic medication; and symptom-free during exercise. Field measurements of THR during the aerobic phase at CRP was carried out by computer-assisted portable telemetry with mean THR computed from each 30 minute value per subject. A maximal treadmill test starting at 2.5 mph at 0% grade with speed increasing 0.5 mph each minute was carried out using a Beckman MMC for 30 second determinations of respiratory gas values. The AerT was determined by visual inspection of the first departure from linearity of Ve and excess CO₂. VO₂max was 35.6 ±5.6 ml/kg/min⁻¹, with HRmax 166.2 ±11.8 bpm. Paired t-tests were performed; AerTHR was 124.8 ±15.3 bpm with THR 133.7 ±13.4 bpm (p < .03). Percent HRmaxAerT was 75.1 ±8.05 and %HRmaxTHR was 80.6 ±8.3 (p < .03). Mean %VO₂maxAerT (54.4 ±6.7) is consistent with other reported data showing .lower values in less trained individuals. Stepwise correlations were performed, and a regression equation was produced to predict AerT grom HRmax, height, and weight with a multiple r = .74 (p < .01). These data suggest that in this population, THR, as calculated by the relative percentage of maximum method, produces training intensities above the AerT expressed as absolute or relative percents of HRmax. This finding may have implications for optimal body fat reductions, patient compliance to the exercise program, and safety in CRP's. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Swimmers depend on accessory breathing muscles for adequate ventilation. Pectoralis minor is an accessory breathing muscle. The daily repetition of gleno-humeral flexion and medial rotation results in adaptive shortening of Pectoralis, a common phenomenon in competitive swimmers. If Pectoralis minor is shortened the scapula is in an anteriorly tipped position. This anteriorly tipped position will affect scapula kinematics as well as the strength of Pectoralis minor to function as an accessory breathing muscle. One of the risk factors contributing to shoulder dysfunction in competitive swimmers is an altered scapular position. The study aimed to determine if lateral costal breathing dissociation exercises in conjunction with scapular retraining exercises had an effect on the position of the scapula in competitive swimmers. A comparative parallel group longitudinal design was used in this study. During a six week supervised intervention period the intervention group (n=28) and control group (n=30) did retraining of the scapula stabilisers and stretching of Pectoralis minor. The intervention group did breathing dissociation exercises to facilitate lateral costal breathing. No specific breathing exercises were facilitated within the control group. Pectoralis minor length and thoracic expansion had been measured. The function of the scapula stabilisers was evaluated. The resting as well as dynamic scapula positions were evaluated. Evaluations were done at baseline, six weeks and five months post intervention. Treatment groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to six weeks and baseline to five months in PMI, FVC and thoracic expansion utilizing analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with covariates baseline reading. The intervention group showed an increase in the Pectoralis minor Index (PMI) of 0.5 (left & right) and the control group reflected an increase of 0.5 (left) and 0.7 (right). The intervention group reflected continuous improvement in PMI and the control group showed deterioration. In addition to the PMI upper thoracic, expansion decreased and lower thoracic expansion increased in the intervention group. The control group showed a decrease in upper and lower thoracic expansion. Groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to six weeks and five months respectively for categorical parameters, muscle function and scapula position (resting and dynamic) using Fisher’s exact test. After six weeks the intervention group showed significantly (p<0.04) less winging of the distal third of the scapula on the left side when compared to the control group. After five months the scapula showed significantly less tipping (p<0.02) during gleno-humeral flexion, on the left side. The McNemar test for symmetry had been applied to determine if any within group changes occurred. Within the intervention group ten of the thirteen markers used to determine the resting position of the scapula, reflected significant improvement compared to the six markers in the control group. Only the intervention group reflected remarkable improvement in function of the lower fibres of Trapezius muscle. Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius muscles showed significance within group improvement in function for both groups. The scapula showed significantly less dysrhythmia within the intervention group on the left and right sides (p< 0.0209) when compared to the control group. After five months the resting scapula position reflected deterioration for both groups. Dysrhythmia and winging of the scapula deteriorated from six weeks to five months for both groups. The muscle function of the lower fibres of Trapezius showed significance within group changes for both groups from six weeks to five months. The ability to contract Serratus anterior and the middle fibres of Trapezius agonistically was maintained from six weeks to five months. However the eccentric control and ability to contract the muscle without fatigue within the Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius showed deterioration from six weeks to five months for both groups. Conclusion: The increase in PMI and increase in lower thoracic expansion for the intervention group could favour swimmers to breathe more effectively. An increase in Pectoralis minor length resulted in a more posteriorly tipped scapula. This better positioned scapula promotes optimum function of the lower fibres of Trapezius. Contracting from a stable scapula, Pectoralis minor can fulfil its function as an accessory breathing muscle more effectively. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Physiotherapy / PhD / Unrestricted

Orientador: Everardo Magalhães Carneiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Russo_MorganaRejaneRabeloRosa_D.pdf: 4218123 bytes, checksum: b0799db6946f29ef482adbc56a8add73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O aminoácido leucina é conhecido por ativar a via de síntese protéica muscular. Pesquisas recentes relatam alterações moleculares de proteínas envolvidas na via de síntese protéica após sessões agudas de exercício. No entanto, o efeito da leucina associada ao treinamento aeróbio foi pouco investigado. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da suplementação crônica com leucina, durante um programa de exercício aeróbio, sobre proteínas sinalizadoras da via de sensibilidade à insulina e síntese protéica em músculo esquelético e fígado de camundongos adultos. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: controle (C), controle suplementado com leucina (CS), grupo de natação treinado (T) e grupo de natação treinado suplementado com leucina (TS). Após 12 semanas de exercício (1h30, 5 vezes/semana), o peso corporal do grupo T estava menor em relação ao outros grupos. O conteúdo de glicogênio muscular e hepático aumentou nos grupos CS, T e TS comparados ao grupo C. Os animais treinados (T e TS) apresentaram atividade da Cis e sensibilidade à insulina aumentada e menor porcentagem de gordura comparado aos animais controle (C e CS). A suplementação aumentou acentuadamente o teor de insulina e leucina plasmática no CS e TS comparado ao C e T. Em músculo esquelético, a suplementação com leucina, apesar de aumentar a fosforilação do IR, não alterou o contéudo total de IR e IRS-1 e a fosforilação do IRS-1, no entanto, a expressão gênica, o conteúdo total da mTOR e a fosforilação da p70s6k estavam aumentados. O treinamento aeróbio elevou o conteúdo total do IR e a fosforilação do IR e IRS-1, entretanto, reduziu o contéudo da p70s6k e não alterou o contéudo total da mTOR e fosforilação da p70s6k. A associação dos tratamentos elevou o conteúdo total e a fosforilação do IR acima dos valores encontrados quando os tratamentos foram administrados de forma individual e a fosforilação do IRS1 em relação aos grupos controle. Houve elevação da expressão gênica e conteúdo total da mTOR e conteúdo total e fosforilação da p70s6k acima dos valores encontrados para o grupo T, porém abaixo dos valores do grupo CS. No músculo esquelético, os resultados da associação dos tratamentos sugerem que a leucina diminuiu o efeito do exercício aeróbio sobre a via da mTOR/p70s6k. No fígado, a suplementação com leucina aumentou o conteúdo de IR e IRS-1 e a fosforilação do IR, assim como o conteúdo total da mTOR e fosforilação da p70s6k. O treinamento aeróbio, apesar de ter aumentado a fosforilação do IR, diminuiu o conteúdo total de IR, IRS-1, mTOR e p70s6k, assim como, a fosforilação do IRS-1. Quando os tratamentos foram associados, a leucina reverteu o efeito atenuador do exercício sobre a via da mTOR/p70s6k e sobre o IR e IRS-1. Estes resultados indicam que a administração de suplementação crônica com leucina para camundongos adultos durante um programa de exercício aeróbio pode ser importante por proporcionar maior ativação de proteínas da via de síntese protéica em músculo esquelético e fígado quando comparadas à atividade expressa somente em função do exercício aeróbio / Abstract: The amino acid leucine is known to activate the pathway of muscle protein synthesis. Recent surveys have reported molecular alterations after acute exercise sections. However, the effect of leucine associated with the aerobic training was seldom investigated. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role of chronic leucine supplementation during a program of aerobic exercise on protein signaling pathway in insulin sensitivity and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver of adult mice. The animals were divided into four groups: control (C), control supplemented with leucine (CS), swim trained group (T) and swim-trained group supplemented with leucine (TS). After 12 weeks of exercise (1h30, 5 times / week), body weight of group T was lower than in the other groups. The glycogen content in muscle and liver increased in T and TS compared with group C. Trained animals (T and TS) had increased activity of Cis, insulin sensitivity and lower fat percentage compared to control animals (C and CS). The supplementation increased significantly the level of plasma insulin and leucine in CS and TS compared to C and T. In skeletal muscle, supplementation with leucine, despite increasing the phosphorylation of IR, did not alter the total content of IR and IRS-1 and phosphorylation of IRS-1; however, gene expression, the entire contents of mTOR and phosphorylation of p70s6k were increased. Aerobic training increased the total content of IR and phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1, however, reduced the content of p70s6k and did not alter the content of total mTOR and phosphorylation of p70s6k. The combination treatment increased the total content and phosphorylation of IR above the values found when the treatments were administered individually and phosphorylation of IRS-1 above the values control groups. There was an elevation of mRNA expression and mTOR total content, and phosphorylation of p70s6k above the values found for the T group, but below the CS group. In skeletal muscle, the results of the association, suggest that leucine reversed the effect of aerobic exercise on the pathway of mTOR/p70s6k. In the liver, leucine supplementation increased the content of IR and IRS-1 and phosphorylation of IR, the entire contents of phosphorylation of mTOR and p70s6k. The aerobic training, although it increased the phosphorylation of IR, decreased the total content of IR, IRS-1, mTOR and p70s6k, as well as the phosphorylation of IRS-1. When the treatments were associated leucine, it reversed the negative effect of exercise on the path of mTOR/p70s6k and the IR and IRS-1. These results indicate that chronic administration of leucine supplementation to adult mice during an aerobic exercise program may be important for making proteins pathways more active to protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver when compared to the activity expressed only in terms of aerobic exercise / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

O objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar o efeito da ordem de exercícios de força na ativação muscular. Para isso, nove voluntários treinados em força participaram de 3 sessões: 1) teste de carga (8RM); 2 e 3) coleta dos dados EMG. Dois protocolos foram realizados: P1 tradicional: 1) Supino horizontal (SH); 2) Crucifixo horizontal (CH); 3) Desenvolvimento pela frente (DF); 4) Elevação lateral (EL); 5) Tríceps supino (TS); 6) Tríceps testa (TT); e P2 inversa: TT, TS, EL, DF, CH e SH. Músculos analisados: Peitoral maior esternocostal e clavicular (PME e PMC), deltóide anterior e medial (DA e DM) e tríceps braquial cabeça longa (TL). A contração voluntária isométrica máxima (CVIM) foi utilizada para a normalização. Cada sujeito realizou 3 séries de 8 repetições para cada exercício com um intervalo de 2min e calculou-se o valor RMS para cada repetição. Para a análise inferencial foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon. (p0,05). No exercício SH obteve-se uma diferença de 97,83 (P1) para 102,83% (P2) da CVIM para o PME, de 93,39 (P1) para 100,52% (P2), de 74,13 (P1) para 93,78% (P2) para o DA, de 31,21 (P1) para 30,21% (P2) para o DM e de 77,37 (P1) e 90,17% (P2) para o TBL. No exercício CH foram de 97,45 (P1) para 82,94% (P2) para o PME, de 76,69 (P1) para 57,34% (P2) para o PMC, de 31,39 (P1) para 48,32% (P2) para o TBL. Para DA e DM não houve diferença de ativação entre P1 e P2. No exercício DF, o DM apresentou 92,58 (P1) e 82,82% (P2) e o TBL 59,79 (P1) e 35,17% (P2), porém PME, PMC e DA não mostraram diferenças entre P1 e P2. No exercício EL encontrou-se 9,82 (P1) e 6,71% (P2) para o PME, 29,8 (P1) e 17,1% (P2) para PMC, 95,45 (P1) e 75,62% (P2) para DM e 12,15 (P1) e 8,82% (P2) para TBL. No exercício TS obteve-se 75,09 (P1) e 95,25% (P2) para o PME, 74,61 (P1) e 84,52% (P2) para DA, 24,81 (P1) e 25,74% (P2) para DM, 85,38 (P1) e 81,81% (P2) para TBL. Finalmente no exercício TT obteve-se 78,08 (P1) e 62,33% (P2) para o PME, 79,09 (P1) e 39,20% (P2) para PMC, 62,55 (P1) e 27,76% (P2) para DA e 25,7 (P1) e 17,85% (P2) para DM. De forma geral, pode-se afirmar que não existe uma ordem dos exercícios utilizados no treinamento de força que seja melhor em termos de ativação muscular para todos os grupos musculares. O que fica evidente é que existem diferenças de atividade muscular ao inverter a ordem de exercícios, porém os resultados deste estudo devem ser aplicados com cautela devido a carência de estudos sobre tal tema / The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the order of strength exercises on muscle activation. For this, nine 9 volunteers trained in strength participated in three sessions: 1) load test (8RM), 2 and 3) EMG data collection. Two protocols were performed: P1 traditional: 1) bench press (SH); 2) horizontal fly (CH); 3) Shoulder press (DF); 4) Lateral rise (EL); 5) Triceps press (TS); 6) Triceps forehead (TT); and P2 reverse: TT, TS, EL, DF, CH and SH. Analyzed muscles: pectoralis major sternocostal and clavicular (PME and PMC), anterior and medial deltoid (AD and DM) and triceps brachii long head (TL). The maximal isometric voluntary contraction (CVIM) was used for normalization. Each subject performed 3 sets of 8 repetitions for each exercise with an interval of 2min and the RMS value was calculated for each repetition. For the inferential analysis was applied the Wilcoxon test. (p 0.05). In SH exercise was obtained differences from 97.83 (P1) to 102.83% (P2) of the CVIM for the PME, from 93.39 (P1) to 100.52% (P2) for PMC, from 74.13 (P1) to 93.78% (P2) for DA, from 31.21 (P1) to 30.21% (P2) for DM and from 77.37 (P1) to 90.17% (P2) for TBL. In CH exercise were from 97.45 (P1) to 82.94% (P2) for PME, from 76.69 (P1) to 57.34% (P2) for PMC, from 31.39 (P1) to 48.32% (P2) for TBL. For DA and DM muscles there were no differences in activation between P1 and P2. In DF exercise, DM showed 92.58 (P1) and 82.82% (P2) and TBL 59.79 (P1) and 35.17% (P2), but for PME, PMC and DA there were no differences between P1 and P2. In exercising EL was found 9.82 (P1) and 6.71% (P2) for PME, 29.8 (P1) and 17.1% (P2) for PMC, 95.45 (P1) and 75.62% (P2) for DM and 12.15 (P1) and 8.82% (P2) for TBL. In TS exercise was obtained 75.09 (P1) and 95.25% (P2) for PME, 74.61 (P1) and 84.52% (P2) for DA, 24.81 (P1) and 25.74% (P2) for DM, 85.38 (P1) and 81.81% (P2) for TBL. Finally, in the exercise TT was obtained 78.08 (P1) and 62.33% (P2) for PME, 79.09 (P1) and 39.20% (P2) for PMC 62.55 (P1) and 27.76% (P2) for DA and 25.7 (P1) and 17.85% (P2) for DM. In general, it´s possible to say that there is no better order of the exercises used in strength training in terms of muscle activation for all muscle groups. What is clear is that there are differences in muscle activity to reverse the order of exercises, but the results of this study should be applied with caution, due to lack of studies on this subject

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